CHAP. 43. — FROM THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS.
Let me now request your attention to the testimony of the Apostle Paul on this subject. x'\nd quotations from him may of course be made more abundantly, because he wrote more epis- [ ties, and because it fell to him to recommend the grace of God with especial earnestness, in ' opposition to those who gloried in their works, and who, ignorant of God's righteousness, and wishing to establish their own, submitted not to the righteousness of God.'^ In his Epistle to the Romans he writes: " The righteousness of God is upon all them that believe; for there is no difference; since all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; being justified freely by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus; whom God hath set forth as a propitiation through faith in His blood, to declare His righteousness for the remission '3 of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God; to declare, I say, at this time His righteousness; that He might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus." '•♦ Then in another passage he says: " To him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt. But to him that worketh not, but believeth on Him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness.
Even as David also describeth 9 I John i. 7.
"^ I John V. 9-12.
" I John iii. 8.
'- Rom. X. 3.
'3 [This is the reading of the Vulgate, as well as of the Greek: but Augustin, following an Old Latin reading, actually has propositum, instead of reiiiissionem. — W.J '•« Rom. iii. 22-26.
[Book I.
the blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works, saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered. Blessed is the man to whom the Lord imputeth no sin." ' And then after no long interval he observes: " Now, it was not written for his sake alone, that it was im])uted to him; but for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe on Him that raised up Jesus Christ our Lord from the dead; who was delivered for our offences, and was raised again for our justification."- Then a little after he writes: " For wlien we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly." ^ in another passage he says: " We know that the law is spiritual; but I am carnal, sold under sin. For that which I do I know not: for what I would, that I do not; but what I hate, that I do. If then I do that which I would not, I consent unto the law that it is good. Now then, it is no more I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me. For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh) dwelleth no good thing; for to will is present with me; but how to perform that which is good I find not. For the good that I would I do not; but the evil which I would not, that I do. Now if I do that I would not, it is no more I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me.
I find then a law, that, when I would do good, evil is present with me. For I delight in the law of God after the inward man: but I see another law in my members warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members. O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of this death? The grace of God, through Jesus Christ our Lord." + Let them, who can, say that men are not born in the body of this death, that so they may be able to affirm that they have no need of God's grace through Jesus Christ in order to be delivered from the body of this death. Therefore he adds, a few verses afterwards: " For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God, sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh." s Let them say, who dare, that Christ must have been born in the likeness of sinful flesh, if we were not born in sinful flesh.
CHAP. 44. FROM THE EPISTLES TO THE CORINTHIANS.
Likewise to the Corinthians he says: " For I delivered to you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures."^ Again, in his Second Epistle to these Corinthians: " For the love of Christ constraineth us; because we thus judge, that if One died for all, then all died: and for all did Christ die, that they which live should no longer live unto themselves, but unto Him which died for them, and rose again. Wherefore, henceforth know we no man after the flesh; yea, though we have known Christ after the flesh, yet from henceforth know we Him so no more. Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature; old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new. And all things are of God, who hath reconciled us to Himself by Jesus Christ, and hath given unto us the ministry of reconciliation. To what effect? That God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto Himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them, and putting on us the ministry of reconciliation. Now then are we ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech you by us; we pray you in Christ's stead, to be reconciled to God. For He hath made Him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might become the righteousness of God in Him. 7 We then, as workers together with Him, beseech you also that ye receive not the grace of God in vain. ( For He saith, I have heard thee in an acceptable time, and in the day of salvation have I succoured thee: behold, now is the acceptable time; behold, now is the day of salvation.)"^ Now, if infants are not embraced within this reconciliation and salvation, who wants them for the baptism of Christ? But if they are embraced, then are they reckoned as among the dead for whom He died; nor can they be possibly reconciled and saved by Him, unless He remit and impute not unto them their sins.
CHAP. 45. FROM THE EPISTLE TO THE GALA- TIANS.
Likewise to the Galatians the apostle writes: "Grace be to you, and peace, from God the Father, and from our Lord Jesus Christ, who gave Himself for our sins, that He might deliver us from this present evil world." ^ While in another passage he says to them: "The law was added because of transgressions, until the seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator. Now a mediator belongs not to one party; but God is one. Is the law then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had been a law given which could have given life, verily righteousness should have been by the law. But the scripture hath concluded all under sin, that the promise by faith of Jesus Christ might be given to them that believe." '° Chap. 49.]
0 -> CHAP. 46. FROM THE EPISTLE TO THE EPHESIANS.
To the Ephesians he addresses words of the same import: " And you when ye were dead in trespasses and sins; wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit of him that now worketh in the children of disobedience; among whom also we all had our conversation in times past in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mmd; and were by nature the children of wrath, even as others. But God, who is rich in mercy, for His great love wherewith He loved us, even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ; by whose grace ye are saved." ' Again, a litde afterwards, he says: " By grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: not of works, lest any man should boast. For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them."^ And again, after a short interval: " At that time ye were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope, and without God in the world: but now, in Christ Jesus, ye who were sometimes far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ. For He is our peace, who hath made both one, and hath broken down the middle wall of partition between us; having abolished in His flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; for to make in Himself of twain one new man, so making peace; and that He might reconcile both unto God in one body by the cross, having in Himself slain the enmity; and He came and preached peace to you which were afar off", and to them that were nigh. For through Him we both have access by one Spirit unto the Father." 3 Then in another passage he thus writes: "As the truth is in Jesus: that ye put off, concerning the former conversation, the old man, which is corrupt according to the deceitful lusts; an^d be renewed in the spirit of your mind; and that ye put on the new man, 1 which after God is created in righteousness and true holiness." ■♦ And again: " Grieve not the Holy Spirit of God, whereby ye are sealed unto the day of redemption." s CHAP. 47. — FROM THE EPISTLE TO THE COLOSSUNS.
To the Colossians he addresses these words: '' Giving thanks unto the Father, which hath iiade us meet to be partakers of the inheritance ' Eph. ii. 1-5.
^ Eph. ii. 8-10.
3 Eph. ii. 12-18.
* Eph. iv. 21-24.
- Eph. iv. 30.
of the saints in light: who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of His dear Son; in whom we have redemption in the remission of our sins."^ And again he says: "And ye are complete in Him, which is the head of all principality and power: in whom also ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ; buried with Him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with Him through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised Him from the dead. And you, when ye were dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath He quickened together with Him, having forgiven you all trespasses; blotting out the handwriting of the decree that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, naiUng it to His cross; and putting the flesh off Him,7 He made a show of principalities and powers, confidently triumphing over them in Himself."^ CHAP. 48. FROM THE EPISTLES TO TIMOTHY.
And then to Timothy he says: "This is a faithful saying,9 and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief Howbeit for this cause I obtained mercy, that in me first Jesus Christ might show forth all long-suffering, for a pattern to them which should hereafter believe on Him to life everlasting." '° He also says: " For there is one God and one Mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus; who gave Himself a ransom for all." " In his second Epistle to the same Timothy, he says: " Be not thou therefore ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, nor of me His prisoner: but be thou a fellowlabourer for the gospel, according to the power of God; who hath saved us, and called us with a holy calling, not according to our works, but according to His own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began; but is now manifested by the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and immortality to light through the gospel." '- CH.AP. 49. Then again FROM THE EPISTLE TO TITUS.
to Titus " Looking for he writes to Titus as follows that blessed hope, and the gloriof the great God and our Saviour who gave himself for us, that He from all iniquity, and purify us ous appearing Jesus Christ; might redeem unto Himself a peculiar people, zealous of* good * Col. i. 12-14.
' E.xuens se carnem.
* Col. ii. 10-15.
o- [Book I.
works." ' And to the like effect in another passage: " But after that the kindness and love of God our Saviour toward man appeared, not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to His mercy He saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost; which He shed on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Saviour; that, being justified by His grace, we should be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life." ^ CHAP. 50. — FROM THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS.
Although the authority of the Episde to the Hebrews is doubted by some,^ nevertheless, as I find it sometimes thought by persons, who | oppose our opinion touching the baptism oft infants, to contain evidence in favour of their own views, we shall notice the pointed testimony it bears in our behalf; and I quote it the more { confidently, because of the authority of the Eastern Churches, which expressly place it amongst the canonical Scriptures. In its very exordium one thus reads: " God, who at sundry times, and in divers manners, spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets, hath in these last days spoken to us by His Son, whom He hath appointed heir of all things, by whom also He made the worlds; w^ho, being the brightness of His glory, and the express image of His person, and upholding all things by the word of His 1 power, when He had by Himself purged our sins, j sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on | high." •♦ And by and by the writer says: " For | if the word spoken by angels was stedfast, and | every transgression and disobedience received a just recompense of reward, how shall w^e escape if we neglect so great salvation? " s And again in another passage: " Forasmuch then," says he, " as the children are partakers of flesh and blood. He also Himself likewise took part of the same; that through death He might destroy him that had the power of death, that is, the devil; and deliver them who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage." *" Again, shortly after, he says: "Wherefore in all things it behoved Him to be made like unto His brethren, that He might be a merciful and faithful High Priest in things pertaining ' Tit. ii. 13, 14.
^ Til. iii. 3-7.
3 Amongsi the Latins, as Jerome tells us in more than one passage (see his Commentaries, on Isa. vi., viii.; on Zech. viii.; on Matt xxvi.; also, in his Catal. Script. Eccles.,c. xvi. [ad Paiilum], and Ixx. [ad Gaium], etc.). The Greeks, however, held that the epistle was the work of St. Paul. In his Epistle cxxi,v. [ad Dardaniim] he thus writes: " We must admit that the epistle written to the Hebrews is regarded as the.Apostle Paul's, not only by the churches of the East, but by all church writers who have from the beginning {retro) written in Greek." — Note of the Benedictine Editor. [See Augustin's C//J' o/'Gcrf, xvi. 22, and Christian Doctrine, ii. (8), 13. The matter is fairly stated by.\ugustin, after whose day the Epistle was not doubted even in the West. — W. I *■ Heb. i. 1-3.
5 Heb. ii. 2, 3.
<> Heb. ii. 14, 15.
to God, to make reconciliation for the sins of the people." 7 And in another place he writes: " Let us hold fast our profession. For we have not a high priest which cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities; but was in all points tempted like as we^re, yet without sin." '^ Again he says: " He hath an unchangeable priesthood. Wherefore He is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by Him, seeing He ever liveth to make intercession for them. For such a High Priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinners, and made higher than the heavens; who needeth not daily (as those high prissts) to offer up sacrifice, first for His own sins, and then for the people's: for this He did once, w-hen He offered up Himself." 9 And once more: " For Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, Avhich are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear in the presence of God for us: nor yet that He should offer Himself often, as the high priest entereth into the holy place every year with blood of others; (for then must He often have suffered since the foundation of the world; ) but now once, in the end of the world, hath He appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of Himself. And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment; so Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many: and unto them that look for Him shall He appear the second time, without sin, unto salvation." '° CHAP. 51. FROM THE APOCALYPSE.
The Revelation of John likewise tells us that in a new song these praises are offered to Christ; " Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the seals thereof: for Thou wast slain, and hasti redeemed us to God by Thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation.""
CHAP. 52. FROM THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.
To the like effect, in the Acts of the Apostles, the Apostle Peter designated the Lord Jesus as " the Author of life," upbraiding the Jews for having put Him to death in these words: " But ye dishonoured and denied the Holy One and the Just, and desired a murderer to be granted unto you, and ye killed the Author of life."'^ While in another passage he says: " This is the stone which was set at nought by you builders, which is become the head of the corner. Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men whereby we must be saved." '^ And again, else- 7 Heb. ii 17.
8 Heb. iv. 14, 15.
I- Acts iii. 14, 15. " Acts iv. II, 12.
Chap. 54-] where: " The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew, by hanging on a tree. Hin) hath God exalted with His right hand to be a Prince and a Saviour, for to give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of sins." ' Once more: " To Him give all the prophets witness, that, through His name, whosoever believeth in Him shall receive remission of sins." - Whilst in the same Acts of the Apostles Paul says: " Be it known tlierefore unto you, men and brethren, that through this Man is preached unto you the forgiveness of sins: and by Him every one that believeth is justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses." ^ CHAP. 53. THE UTILITY OF THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.
Under so great a weight of testimony, who would not be oppressed that should dare lift up his voice against the truth of God? And many other testimonies might be found, were it not for my anxiety to bring this tract to an end, — an anxiety which I must not slight. I have deemed it superfluous to quote from the books of the Old Testament, likewise, many attestations to our doctrine in inspired words, since what is concealed in them under the veil of earthly promises is clearly revealed in the preaching of the New Testament. Our Lord Himself briefly demonstrated and defined the use of the Old Testament writings, when He said that it was necessary that what had been written concerning Himself in the Law, and the Prophets, and the Psalms, should be fulfilled, and that this was that Christ must suffer, and rise from the dead the third day, and that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in His name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.'' In agreement with this is that statement of Peter which I have already quoted, how that all the prophets bear witness to Christ, that at His hands every one that believes in Him receives remission of his sins.^ CHAP. 54. — BY THE SACRIFICES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, MEN WERE CONVINCED OF SINS AND LED TO THE SAVIOUR.
And yet it is perhaps better to advance a few testimonies out of the Old Testament also, which ought to have a supplementary, or rather a cumulative value. The Lord Himself, speaking by the Psalmist, says: " As for my saints which are upon earth, He hath caused all my purposes to be admired in them." s Not their merits, but '^ my purposes." For what is theirs except that which is afterwards mentioned, — ' Acts V. 30, 31.
^ Acts X. 43.
* See Luke xxiv. 44-47.
5 Ps. xvi. 3.
" their weaknesses are multiplied," '^ — above the weakness that they had? Moreover, the law also entered, that the offence might abound. But why does the Psalmist immecliately add: " They hastened after? "^ When their sorrows and infirmities multiplied (that is, when their ofi"ence abounded), they then sought the Physician more eagerly, in order that, where sin abounded, grace might much more al)Ound. He then says: " I will not gather their assemblies together [with their offerings] of blood; " for by their many sacrifices of blood, when they gathered their assemblies into the tabernacle at first, and then into the temple, they were rather convicted as sinners than cleansed. I shall no longer, He says, gatlier their assemblies of bloodofferings together; because there is one bloodshedding given for many, whereby they may be truly cleansed. Then it follows: " Neither will I make mention of their names with my lips," as if they were the names of renewed ones. For these were their names at first: children of the flesh, children of the world, children of wTath, children of the devil, unclean, sinners, impious; but afterwards, children of God, — a new name to the new man, a new song to the singer of what is new, by means of the New Testament. Men must not be ungracious with God's grace, mean with great things; [but be ever rising] from the less to the greater. The cry of the whole Church is, " I have gone astray like a lost sheep."? p>om all the members of Christ the voice is heard: " All we, as sheep, have gone astray; and He hath Himself been delivered up for our sins." ^ The whole of this passage of prophecy is that famous one in Isaiah which was expounded by Philip to the eunuch of Queen Candace, and he believed in Jesus.'' See how often he commends this very subject, and, as it were, inculcates it again and again on proud and contentious men: " He was a man under misfortune, and one who well knows to bear infirmities; wherefore^ also He turned away His face. He was dishonoured, and was not much esteemed. He it is that bears our weaknesses, and for us is involved in pains: and we accounted Him to be in pains, and in misfortune, and in punishment. But it was He who was wounded for our sins, was weakened for our iniquities; the chastisement of our peace was upon Him; and by His bruise we are healed. All we, as sheep, have gone astray; and the Lord delivered Him up for our sins.
And although He was evilly entreated, yet He opened not His mouth: as a sheep was He led to the slaughter, and as a lamb is dumb before the shearer, so He opened not Hio mouth. In * Ps. xvi. 4.
7 Ps. cxix. 176.
8 Isa. liii. 6.
9 Acts \\\\. 30-37.
[Book I.
His humiliation His judgment was taken away: His generation who shall declare? For His life shall be taken away from the earth, and for the iniquities of my people was He led to death.
Therefore I will give the wicked for His burial, [ and the rich for His death; because He did no iniquity, nor deceit with His mouth. The Lord j is pleased to purge Him from misfortune. If^ you could yourselves have given your soul on account of your sins, ye should see a seed of a long life. And the Lord is pleased to rescue His soul from pains, to show Him light, and to form it through His understanding; to justify the Just One, who serves many well; and He shall Himself bear their sins. Therefore He shall inherit manv, and He shall divide the spoils of the mighty; and He was numbered amongst the transgressors; and Himself bare the sins of many, and He was delivered for their iniquities." ' Consider also that passage of this same prophet which Christ actually declared to be fulfilled in Himself, when He recited it in the synagogue, in discharging the function of the reader: - " The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because He hath anointed me: to preach glad tidings to the poor hath He sent me, that so I may refresh all who are broken-hearted, — to preach deliverance to the captives, and to the blind sight." ^ Let us then all acknowledge Him; nor should there be one exception among persons like ourselves, who wish to cleave to His body, to enter through Him into the sheepfold, and to attain to that life and eternal salvation which He has promised to His own. — Let us, I repeat, all of us acknowledge Him who did no sin, who bare our sins in His own body on the tree, that we might live with righteousness separate from sins; by whose scars we are healed, when we were "• weak "♦ — like wandering sheep.
CHAP. 55 [XXVIII.] — HE CONCLUDES THAT ALL MEN NEED THE DEATH OF CHRIST, THAT THEY MAY BE SAVED. UNBAPTIZED INFANTS WILL BE INVOLVED IN THE CONDEMNATION OF THE DEVIL, HOW ALL MEN THROUGH ADAM ARE UNTO CONDEMNATION; AND THROUGH CHRIST UNTO JUSTIFICATION. NO ONE IS RECONCILED WITH GOD, EXCEPT THROUGH CHRIST.
In such circumstances, no man of those who have come to Christ by baptism has ever been regarded, according to sound faith and the true doctrine, as excepted from the grace of forgiveness of sins; nor has eternal life been ever thought possible to any man apart from His kingdom. For this [eternal life] is ready to be • Isa. liii. 3-12.
- See Luke iv. 16-21.
3 Isa. Ixi. I.
* There seems to be here some omission. — Benedictine Note.