It requires the grace of God, not that it may be made, but that it may be re-made. And this is the only grace which by our author is proclaimed to be unnecessary; because of this he is silent! If, indeed, he had said nothing at all about God's grace, and had not proposed to himself that question for solution, for the purpose of ■♦ See the context of Gal. v. 17, in verses 19-21.
S Rom. vii. 24, 25.
0 Matt.
VI. 13.
^ Rom. vii. 23.
Chap. 64.]
14: removing from himself the odium of this matter," it might have been thought that his view of the subject was consistent with the truth, only that he had refrained from mentioning it, on the ground that not on all occasions need we say all we think. He proposed the question of grace, and answered it in the way that he had in his heart; the question has been defined, — not in the way we wished, but according to the doubt we entertained as to what was his meaning.
CHAP. 63 [lIV.] DOES GOD CREATE CONTRA- RIES?
He next endeavours, by much quotation from the apostle, about which there is no controversy, to show " that the flesh is often mentioned by him in such a manner as proves him to mea^ not the substance, but the works of the flesh." What is this to the point? The defects of the flesh are contrary to the will of man; his nature is not accused; but a Physician is wanted for its defects. What signifies his question, " Who made man's spirit?" and his own answer thereto, "God, without a doubt?" Again he asks, "Who created the flesh?" and again answers, " The same God, I suppose." And yet a third question, " Is the God good who created both?" ] and the third answer, " Nobody doubts it." Once more a question, " Are not both good, since the good Creator made them?" and its answer, " It must be confessed that they are."
And then follows his conclusion: " If, therefore, both the spirit is good, and the flesh is good, as made by the good Creator, how can it be that the two good things should be contrary to one another?" I need not say that the whole of this reasoning would be upset if one were to ask him, " ^Vho made heat and cold? " and he were to say in answer, " God, without a doubt." I do not ask the string of questions. Let him determine himself whether these conditions of climate may either be said to be not good, or else whether they do not seem to be contrary to each other. Here he will probably object, " These are not substances, but the qualities of substances." Very true, it is so. But still they are natural qualities, and undoubtedly belong to God's creation; and substances, indeed, are not said to be contrary to each other in themselves, but in their qualities, as water and fire. What if it be so too with flesh and spirit? We do not affirm it to be so; but, intorder to show that his argument terminates in a conclusion which does not necessarily follow, we have said so much as this. For it is quite possible for contraries not to be reciprocally opposed to each other, but rather by mutual action to temi)er health and render it good; just as, in our body, dryness • See above, ch. 59, sub init.
and moisture, cold and heat, — in the tempering of which altogether consists our bodily health. The fact, however, that " the flesh is contrary to the Spirit, so that we cannot do tiie tilings that we would," ^ is a defect, not nature. The Physician's grace must be sought, and their controversy must end.
CHAP. 64. PELAGIUS' AD^^SSIO^J AS REGARDS THE UNBAPTIZED, FATAL.
Now, as touching these two good substances which the good God created, how, against the reasoning of this man, in the case of unbaptized persons, can they be contrary the one to the other? Will he be sorry to have said this too, which he admitted out of some regard to the Christians' faith? For when he asked, " How, in the case of any person who is already baptized, can it be that his flesh is contrary to him?" he intimated, of course, that in the case of unbaptized persons it is possible for the flesh to be contrary. For why insert the clause, " who is already baptized" when without such an addition he might have put his question thus: " How in the case of any person can the flesh be contrary?" and when, in order to prove this, he might have subjoined that argument of his, that as both body and spirit are good (made as they are by the good Creator), they therefore cannot be contrary to each other? Now, suppose unbaptized persons (in whom, at any rate, he confesses that the flesh is contrary) were to ply him with his own arguments, and say to him, Who made man's spirit? he must answer, God. Sup-I pose they asked him again, A\'ho created the j flesh? and he answers. The same God, I believe. , Suppose their third question to be. Is the God! good who created both? and his reply to be. Nobody doubts it. Suppose once more they ' put to him his yet remaining inquiry. Are not both good, since the good Creator made them? and he confesses it. Then surely they will cut I his throat with his own sword, when they force j home his conclusion on him, and say: Since i therefore the spirit of man is good, and his flesh j good, as made by the good Creator, how can it be that the two being good should be contrary I to one another? Here, perhaps, he will reply: I beg your pardon, I ought not to have said that the flesh cannot be contrary to the spirit in any baptized person, as if I meant to imply that it is contrary in the unbaptized; but I ought to have made my statement general, to the effect that the flesh in no man's case is contrary. Now see into what a corner he drives himself. See what a man will say, who is unwilling to cry out with the apostle, " Who shall deliver me from the body of this death? The grace of God, through Jesus 2 Gal. V. 17.
[Chap. 65.
Christ our Lord." ' " But why," he asks, "should I so exclaim, who am already baptized in Christ? It is for them to cry out thus who have not yet received so great a benefit, whose words the apostle in a figure transferred to himself, — if indeed even they say so much." Well, this defence of nature does not permit even these to utter this exclamation! For in the baptized, there is no nature; and in the unbaptized, nature is not! Or if even in the one class it is allowed to be corrupted, so that it is not without reason | that men exclaim, " O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from this body of death? " to the other, too, help is brought in what follows: " The grace of God, through Jesus Christ our Lord; " then let it at last be granted that human nature stands in need of Christ for its Physician.
"this body of death," so CHAP. 65 [lV.]
CALLED FROM ITS DEFECT, NOT FROM ITS SUB- STANCE, Now, I ask, when did our nature lose that liberty, which he craves to be given to him when he says: " Who shall liberate me? " ^ For even he finds no fault with the substance of the flesh when he expresses his desire to be liberated from the body of this death, since the nature of the body, as well as of the soul, must be attributed to the good God as the author thereof. But what he speaks of undoubtedly concerns the offences of the body. Now from the body the death of the body separates us; whereas the offences contracted from the body remain, and their just punishment awaits them, as the rich man found in hell.^ From these it was that he was unable to liberate himself, who said: " Who shall liberate me from the body of this death? "^ But whensoever it was that he lost this liberty, at least there remains that " inseparable capacity " of nature, — he has the ability from natural resources, — he has the volition from free will. Why does he seek the sacrament of baptism? Is it because of past sins, in order that they may be forgiven, since they cannot be undone? ^Vell, suppose you acquit and release a man on these terms, he must still utter the old cry; for he not only wants to be mercifully let off from punishment for past offences, but to be strengthened and fortified against sinning for the time to come. For he " delights in the law of God, after the inward man; Init then he sees another law in his members, warring against the law of his mind." 4 Observe, he sees that there is, not recollects that there tvas. It is a present pressure, not a past memory. And he sees the other law not only "warring," but even "bringing him into captivity to the law of sin, which is " * Rom. vii. 24.
3 Luke xvi. 23.
(not which was) " in his members." s Hence comes that cry of his: '• O wretched man that I am! who shall liberate me from the body of this death?"- Let him pray, let him entreat for the help of the mighty Physician. \Miy gainsay that prayer? Why cry down that entreaty? Why shall the unhappy suitor be hindered from begging for the mercy of Clirist, — and that too by Christians? For, it was even they who were accompanying Christ that tried to prevent the blind man, by clamouring him down, from begging for light; but even amidst the din and throng of the gainsayers He hears the suppliant; ^ whence the response: " The grace of God, through Jesus Christ out Lord." 7 CHAP. 66. — THE WORKS, NOT THE SUBSTANCE, OF THE " FLESH OPPOSED TO THE SPIRIT.
Now if we secure even this concession from them, that unbaptized persons may implore the assistance of the Saviour's grace, this is indeed no slight point against that fallacious assertion of the self-sufficiency of nature and of the power of free will. For he is not sufficient to himself who says, " O wretched man that I am! who shall liberate me?" Nor can he be said to have full liberty who still asks for liberation, [lvl] But let us, moreover, see to this point also, whether they who are baptized do the good which they would, without any resistance from the lust of the flesh. That, however, which we have to say on this subject, our author himself mentions, when concluding this topic he says: " As we remarked, the passage in which occur the words, 'The flesh lusteth against the Spirit,'* must needs have reference not to the substance, but to the works of the flesh." We too allege that this is spoken not of the substance of the flesh, but of its works, which proceed from carnal concupiscence, — in a word, from sin, concerning which we have this precept: " Not to let it reign in our mortal body, that we should obey it in the lusts thereof." 9 CHAP. 67 [lVIl] WHO M.AY BE SAID TO BE UNDER THE LAW.
But even our author should observe that it is to persons who have been already baptized that it was said: " The flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh, so that ye cannot do the things that ye would." ^ And lest he should make them slothful for the actual conflict, and should seem by this statement to have given them laxity in sinning, he goes on to tell them: " If ye be led of the Spirit, ye are no longer under the law." '° For that man is under the law, who, from fear of the punishment which the law threatens, and not from any love for Chap. 70.]
righteousness, obliges himself to abstain from the work of sin, without being as yet free and removed from the desire of sinning. For it is in liis very will that he is guilty, whereby he would prefer, if it were possible, that what he dreads should not exist, in order that he might freely do what he secretly desires. Therefore he says, " If ye be led of the Spirit, ye are not under the law," — even the law which inspires fear, but gives not love. For this " love is shed abroad in our hearts," not by the letter of the law, but "by the Holy Ghost, which is given unto us." ' This is the law of liberty, not of bondage; being the law of love, not of fear; and concerning it the Apostle James says: " Whoso looketh into the perfect law of Uberty." ^ Whence he, too, no longer indeed felt terrified by God's law as a slave, but delighted in it in the inward man, although still seeing another law in his members warring against the law of his mind. Accordingly he here says: " If ye be led of the Spirit, ye are not under the law." So far, indeed, as any man is led by the Spirit, he is not under the law; because, so far as he rejoices in the law of God, he lives not in fear of the law, since " fear has torment," 3 not joy and delight.
CHAP. 68 [lVIII.] — DESPITE THE DEVIL, MAN MAY, BY god's HELP, BE PERFECTED.
If, therefore, we feel rightly on this matter, it is our duty at once to be thankful for what is already healed within us, and to pray for such further healing as shall enable us to enjoy full liberty, in that most absolute state of health which is incapable of addition, the perfect pleasure of God.-* For we do not deny that human nature can be without sin; nor ought we by any means to refuse to it the ability to become perfect, since we admit its capacity for progress, — by God's grace, however, through our Lord Jesus Christ. By His assistance we aver that it becomes holy and happy, by whom it was created in order to be so. There is accordingly an easy refutation of the objection w^hich our author says is alleged by some against him: " The devil opposes us." This objection we also meet in entirely identical language with that which he uses in reply: " We must resist him, and he will fiee. ' Resist the devil,' says the blessed apostle, * and he will flee from you.' 5 From which it may be observed, what his harming amounts to against those whom he flees; or what power he is to be understood as possessing, w^hen he prevails only against those who do not resist him." Such language is my own also; for it is impossible to employ truer words. There is, however, this difference between us and them, that we, whenever the devil has to be resisted, not only do ' Rom. V. 5. * Ps. xvi. II, 3 I John iv. 18.
not deny, but actually teach, that God's help must be sought; whereas they attribute so much power to will, as to take away prayer from religious duty. Now it is certainly with a view to resisting the devil and his fleeing from us that we say when we pray, " Lead us not into temptation; " ^ to the same end also are we warned by our Captain, exhorting us as soldiers in the words: " Watch ye and pray, lest ye enter into temptation." ^ CHAP. 69 [lIX.] — PELAGIUS PUTS NATURE IN THE PLACE OF GRACE.
In opposition, however, to those who ask, "And who would be unwilling to be without sin, if it were put in the power of a man? " he rightly contends, saying " that by this very question they acknowledge that the thing is not impossible; because so much as this, many, if not all men, certainly desire." Well, then, let him only confess the means by which this is possible, and then our controversy is ended. Now the means is " the grace of God through our Lord Jesus Christ; " by which he nowhere has been willing to allow that we are assisted wlien we pray, for the avoidance of sin. If indeed he secretly allows this, he must forgive us if we suspect otherwise. For he himself works this result, who, though encountering so much obloquy on this subject, wishes to entertain the secret opinion, and yet is unwilling to confess or ])rofess it. It would surely be no great matter were he to speak out, especially since he has undertaken to handle and open this point, as if it had been objected against him on the side of opponents. Why on such occasions did he choose only to defend nature, and assert that man was so created as to have it in his power not to sin if he wished not to sin; and, from the fact that he was so created, definitely say that the power was owing to God's grace which enabled him to avoid sin, if he was unwilling to commit it; and yet refuse to say anything concerning the fact that even nature itself is either, because disordered, healed by God's grace through our Lord Jesus Christ, or else assisted by it, because in itself it is so insufiicient?
CHAP. 70 [lX.] — WHETHER ANY MAN IS WITH- OUT SIN IN THIS LIFE.
Now, whether there ever has been, or is, or ever can be, a man living so righteous a life in this world as to have no sin at all, may be an open question among true and pious Christians;^ but whoever doubts the possibility of this sinless state a/ter this present life, is foolish. For my own part, indeed, I am unwilling to dispute the point even as respects this life. For * See next treatise — its preface, or Adinonitio.
[Chap. 71.
although that passage seems to me to be incapable of bearing any doubtful sense, wherein it is written, " In thy sight shall no man living be justified"' (and so of similar passages), yet I could wish it were possible to show either that such quotations were capable of bearing a better signification, or that a perfect and plenary righteousness, to which it were impossible for any accession to be made, had been realized at some former time in some one whilst passing through this life in the flesh, or was now being realized, or would be hereafter. They, however, are in a great majority, who, while not doubting that to the last day of their life it will be needful to them to resort to the prayer which they can so truthfully utter, " Forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us," ^ still trust that in Christ and His promises they possess a true, certain, and unfailing hope. There is, however, no method whereby any persons arrive at absolute perfection, or whereby any man makes the slightest progress to true and godly righteousness, but the assisting grace of our crucified Saviour Christ, and the gift of His Spirit; and whosoever shall deny this cannot rightly, I almost think, be reckoned in the number of any kind of Christians at all.
CHAP. 7 1 [lXI.] — AUGUSTIN REPLIES AGAIXST THE QUOTATIONS WHICH PELAGIUS HAD ADVANCED OUT OF THE CATHOLIC WRITERS. LACTANTIUS.
Accordingly, with respect also to the passages which he has adduced, — not indeed from the canonical Scriptures, but out of certain treatises of catholic writers, — I wish to meet the assertions of such as say that the said quotations make for him. The fact is, these passages are so entirely neutral, that they oppose neither our own opinion nor his. Amongst them he wanted to class something out of my own books, thus accounting me to be a person who seemed worthy of being ranked with them. For this I must not be ungrateful, and I should be sorry — so I say with unaffected friendliness — for him to be in error, since he has conferred this honour upon me. As for his first quotation, indeed, why need I examine it largely, since I do not see here the author's name, either because he has not given it, or because from some casual mistake the copy which you ^ forwarded to me did not contain it? Especially as in writings of such authors I feel myself free to use my own judgment (owing unhesitating assent to nothing ])ut the canonical Scriptures), whilst in fact there is not a passage \vrhich he has quoted from the works of this anonymous author ■* that disturbs me. " It be- ' Ps. cxiiii. 2. 2 Matt. vi. 12.
3 Timabius and Jacobus, 1 1 whom the treatise is addressed. See ch. I.
■* Lactantius is the writer from whom Pelagius takes his first quotations here. See his htstit. Diz'in. iv. 24.
hooved," says he, "for the Master and Teacher of virtue to become most like to man, that by conquering sin He might show that man is able ' to conquer sin." Now, however this passage may be exjiressed, its author must see to it as to what explanation it is capable of bearing. We, indeed, on our part, could not possibly doubt that in Christ there was no sin to conquer, — born as He was in the likeness of sinful flesh, not in sinful flesh itself. Another passage is adduced from the same author to this effect: " And again, that by subduing the desires of the flesh He might teach us that it is not of necessity that one sins, but of set purpose and will." s For my own part, I understand these desires of the flesh (if it is not of its unlawful lusts that the writer here speaks) to be such as hunger, thirst, refreshment after fatigue, and the like. For it is through these, however faultless they be in themselv'es, that some men fall into sin, — a result which was far from our blessed Saviour, even though, as we see from the evidence of the gospel, these affections were natural to Him owing to His likeness to sinful flesh.
CHAP. 72 [lXI.] HILARY. THE PURE IN HEART BLESSED. THE DOING AND PERFECTING OF RIGHTEOUSNESS.
He quotes the following words from the blessed Hilary: " It is only when we shall be perfect in spirit, and changed in our immortal state, w-hich blessedness has been appointed only for the pure in heart,*^ that we shall see that which is immortal in God."? Now I am really not aware what is here said contran,' to our own statement, or in what respect this passage is of any use to our opponent, unless it be that it testifies to the possibility of a man's being " pure in heart." But who denies such possibility? Only it must be by the grace of God, through Jesus Christ our Lord, and not merely by our freedom of will. He goes on to quote also this passage: " This Job had so effectually read these Scriptures, that he kept himself from every wicked work, because he worshipped God purely with a mind unmixed with offences: now such worship of God is the proper work of righteousness." '^ It is what Job had done which the writer here spoke of, not what he had brought to perfection in this world, — much less what he had done or perfected without the grace of that Saviour whom he had actually foretold.9 For that man, indeed, abstains from every wicked work, who does not allow the sin which he has within him to have dominion over him; and who, whenever an unworthy thought stole over him, suffered it not to come to a head in actual deed. It is, how- 5 Lactantius, THstit. Di-'i'n. iv. 25 Chap. 75.]
ever, one thing not to have sin, and another to ' refuse obedience to its desires. It is one thing; to fulfil the command, " Thou shalt not covet; " ' j and another thing, by an endea\'our at any rate after abstinence, to do that which is also written, " Thou shalt not go after thy lusts." - And yet one is quite aware that he can do nothing of all j this without the Saviour's grace. It is to work righteousness, therefore, to fight in an internal struggle with the internal evil of concupiscence | in the true worship of God; whilst to perfect it means to have no adversary at all. Now he who j has to fight is still in danger, and is sometimes shaken, even if he is not overthrown; whereas he who has no enemy at all rejoices in perfect peace. He, moreover, is in the highest truth said to be without sin in whom no sin has an indwelling, — not he who, abstaining from evil deeds, uses such language as " Now it is no longer I that do it, but the sin that dwelleth in me." 3 CHAP. 73. — HE MEETS PELAGIUS WITH ANOTHER PASSAGE FROM HILARY.
Now even Job himself is not silent respecting his own sins; and your friend,** of course, is justly of opinion that humility must not by any means " be put on the side of falsehood." Whatever confession, therefore. Job makes, inasmuch as he is a true worshipper of God, he undoubtedly makes it in truth. 5 Hilary, likewise, while expounding that passage of the psalm in w^hich it is written, " Thou hast despised all those who turn aside from Thy commandments," ^ says: " If God were to despise sinners. He would despise indeed all men, because no man is without sin; but it is those who turn away from Him, whom they call apostates, that He despises." You observe his statement: it is not to the effect that no man was without sin, as if he spoke of the past; but no man is without sin; and on this point, as I have already remarked, I have no contention with him. But if one refuses to submit to the Apostle John, — who does not himself declare, " If we were to say we have had no sin," but " If we say we have no sin," 7 — how is he likely to show deference to Bishop Hilary? It is in defence of the grace of Christ that I lift up my voice, without which grace no man is justified, — just as if natural free will were sufficient. Nay, He Himself lifts up His own voice in defence of the same. Let us submit to Him when He says: " Without me ye can do nothing." ^ CHAP. 74 [lXIII.] — AMBROSE.
St. Ambrose, however, really opposes those ' Ex. XX. 17. 2 Ecclus. xviii. 30. 3 Rom. vii. 20.
4 Pelagius, the friend of Timasius and Jacobus.
who say that man cannot exist without sin in the present life. For, in order to support his statement, he avails himself of the instance of Zacharias and Elisabeth, because they are mentioned as " having walked in all the commandments and ordinances " of the law " blameless." '•> Well, but does he for all that deny that it was by God's grace that they did this through our Lord Jesus Christ? It was undoubtedly by such faith in Him that holy men lived of old, even before His death. It is He who sends the Holy Ghost that is given to us, through whom that love is shed abroad in our hearts whereby alone whosoever are righteous are righteous. This same Holy Ghost the bishop expressly mentioned w'hen he reminds us that He is to be obtained by prayer (so that the will is not sufficient unless it be aided by Him); thus in his hymn he says: " Votisque praestat sedulis. Sanctum mereri Spiritum," '° — "To those who sedulously seek He gives to gain the Holy Spirit."
CHAP. 75. — AUGUSTIN ADDUCES IN REPLY SOME OTHER PASSAGES OF AMBROSE.
I, too, will quote a passage out of this v^ery work of St. Ambrose, from which our opponent has taken the statement which he deemed fa\-ourable for citation: '"It seemed good to me,' " he says; " but what he declares seemed good to him cannot have seemed good to him alone. For it is not simply to his human will that it seemed good, but also as it pleased Him, even Christ, who, says he, speaketh in me, who it is that causes that which is good in itself to seem good to ourselves also. For him on whom He has mercy He also calls. He, therefore, who follows Christ, when asked why he wished to be a Christian, can answer: ' It seemed good to me.' In saying this he does not deny that it also pleased God; for from God proceeds the preparation of man's will, inasmuch as it is by God's grace that God is honoured by His saint." " See now what your author must learn, if he takes pleasure in the words of Ambrose, how that man's will is prepared by God, and that it is of no importance, or, at any rate, does not much matter, by what means or at what time the preparation is accomplished, provided no doubt is raised as to whether the thing itself be capable of accomplishment without the grace of Christ. Then, again, how important it was that he should observe one line from the words of Ambrose which he quoted! For after that holy man had said, " Inasmuch as the Church has been gathered out of the wprld, that is, out [Chap. 76.
of sinful men, how can it be unpolluted when composed of such polluted material, except that, in the first place, it be washed of sins by the grace of Christ, and then, in the next place, abstain from sins through its nature of avoiding sin?" — he added the following sentence, which your author has refused to quote for a self-evident reason; for [Ambrose] says: " It was not from the first unpolluted, for that was impossible for human nature: but it is through God's grace and nature that because it no longer sins, it comes to pass that it seems unpolluted." ' Now who does not understand the reason why your author declined adding these words? It is, of course, so contrived in the discipline of the! present life, that the holy Church shall arrive at last at that condition of most immaculate purity which all holy men desire; and that it may in the world to come, and in a state unmixed with anything of evil men, and undisturbed by any law of sin resisting the law of the mind, lead the purest life in a divine eternity. Still he should well observe what Bishop Ambrose says, — and his statement exactly tallies with the Scriptures: " It was not from the first unpolluted, for that condition was impossible for human nature." By his phrase, " from the first," he means indeed frqm the time of our being born of Adam. Adam no doubt was himself created immaculate; in the case, however, of those who are by nature children of wrath, deriving from him what in him was corrupted, he distinctly averred that it was an impossibility in human nature that they should be immaculate from the first.