1 The sixth and last Gahambar (see Afrigan Gahambar), or the last ten days of the year (ioth-20th March), including the last five days of the last month, Sapendarmad, and the five complementary days. These last ten days should be spent in deeds of charity, religious banquets (gasan), and ceremonies in memory of the dead. It was also at the approach of the spring that the Romans and the Athenians used to offer annual sacrifices to the dead; the Romans in February 'qui tunc extremus anni mensis erat' (Cicero, De Legibus, II, 21), the Athenians on the third day of the Anthesterion feast (in the same month). The souls of the dead were supposed to partake of the new life then beginning to circulate through nature, that had also been dead during the long months of winter.
'^ Perhaps: asking for help, thus.
^ Frina/: who will pronounce the Afrin?
* To be given in alms to poor Mazdayasnians (asho-dad).
^ Asha-nasa: that makes him reach the condition of one of the blessed (ahlayih arzanik, "Vend. XVIII, 6 [17]): the Sanskrit translation has, ' that is to say, that makes him worthy of a great reward.'
* As in the invocations from § 87 to the end.
' An allusion to the formula: 'I sacrifice to the Fravashi of my own soul,' Yasna XXIII, 4 [6].
with meat and clothes in his hand, with a prayer worthy of bliss, the awful Fravashis of the faithful, satisfied, unharmed, and unoffended, bless thus: 52. 'May there be in this house flocks of animals and men! May there be a swift horse and a solid chariot! May there be a man who knows how to praise God ^ and rule in an assembly, who will offer us sacrifices with meat and clothes in his hand, and with a prayer worthy of bliss ^.'
XIV.
53. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who show beautiful paths to the waters, made by Mazda, which had stood before for a long time in the same place without flowing^: 54. And now they flow along the path made by Mazda, along the way made by the gods, the watery way appointed to them, at the wish of Ahura Mazda, at the wish of the Amesha-Spe/ztas.
XV.
55. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who show a beautiful growth to the fertile* plants, which had stood before for a long time in the same place without growing: 56. And now they grow up along the path made ^ Stahyo: stutikaro (Sansk. tr.; cf. Atash Nyayij, 10).
2 §§ 49-52 are a part of the so-called Afrigan Dahman (a prayer recited in honour of the dead); a Sanskrit translation of that Afrigan has been published by Burnouf in his Etudes zendes.
^ In winter.
* Doubtful. The word is /iz^awrira, which Aspendiarji makes synonymous with /k- a par a, kind, merciful (Visperad XXI [XXIV], i).
by Mazda, along the way made by the gods, in the time appointed to them, at the wish of Ahura Mazda, at the wish of the Amesha-Spe;^tas.
XVI.
57. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who showed their paths to the stars, the moon, the sun, and the endless lights, that had stood before for a long time in the same place, without moving forwards, through the oppression of the Daevas and the assaults of the Daevas\ 58. And now they move around in their farrevolving circle for ever, till they come to the time of the good restoration of the world.
59. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the bright sea Vouru-Kasha^, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninety-nine.
60. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the stars Hapt6iri;^ga^, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninetynine.
XIX.
61. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the body ^ Bundahij VI, 3.
2 To keep the white Horn there from the evil beings that tryto destroy it (Minokhirad LXII, 28).
FARVARDtN VAST. I95 of Keresaspa, the son of Sama^ the club-bearer with plaited hair, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninetynine.
XX.
62. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the seed of the holy Zarathui'tra ^, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninety-nine.
XXI.
62,. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who fio^ht at the rio-ht hand of the reigning lord, if he rejoices the faithful ^ and if the awful Fravashis of the faithful are not hurt by him, if they are rejoiced by him, unharmed and unoffended.
64. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who are greater, who are ^ Keresaspa lies asleep in the plain of Pe^yansai; ' the glory (far) of heaven stands over him for the purpose that, when Az-i-Dahak becomes unfettered, he may arise and slay him; and a myriad guardian spirits of the righteous are as a protection to him ' (Bundahij XXIX, 8; tr. West).
^ ' ZaratiiJt went near unto Hvov (Hvogvi, his wife) three times, and each time the seed went to the ground; the angel Neryosang received the brilliance and strength of that seed, delivered it with care to the angel Anahid, and in time will blend it with a mother' (Bundahij XXXII, 8). A maid, EredaZ-fedhri, bathing in Lake Kasava, will conceive by that seed and bring forth the Saviour Saoshyaw/; his two fore-runners, UkhshyaZ-ereta and UkhshyaZ-nemah, will be born in the same way of SrutaZ-fedhri and Vanghu-fedhri (Yt. XIII, 141-142).
» With alms.
ig6 YA5TS AND stROZAHS.
Stronger, who are swifter, who are more powerful, who are more victorious, who are more heaHng, who are more effective than can be expressed by words; who run by tens of thousands into the midst of the Myazdas.
65. And when the waters come up from the sea Vouru-Kasha, O Spitama Zarathurtra! along with the Glory made by Mazda \ then forwards come the awful Fravashis of the faithful, many and many hundreds, many and many thousands, many and many tens of thousands, 66. Seeking water for their own kindred, for their own borough, for their own town, for their own country, and saying thus: ' May our own country have a good store and full joy!'
67. They fight in the battles that are fought in their own place and land, each according to the place and house where he dwelt (of yore) -: they look like a gallant warrior who, girded up and watchful, fights for the hoard he has treasured up.
68. And those of them who win bring waters to their own kindred, to their own borough, to their own town, to their own country, saying thus: ' May my country grow and increase! ' 69. And when the all-powerful sovereign of a country has been surprised by his foes and haters, he invokes them, the awful Fravashis of the faithful.
70. And they come to his help, if they have not been hurt by him, if they have been rejoiced by him, if they have not been harmed nor offended, the awful Fravashis of the faithful: they come flying unto him, it seems as if they were well-winged birds.
1 Cf. Yt. XIX, 56 seq.; VIII, 34. « Doubtful.
71. They come in as a weapon and as a shield, to keep him behind and to keep him in front, from the Dru^ unseen, from the female Varenya fiend, from the evil-doer bent on mischief, and from that fiend who is all death, Angra Mainyu. It will be as if there were a thousand men watching over one man^; 72. So that neither the sword well-thrust, neither the club well-falling, nor the arrow well-shot, nor the spear well-darted, nor the stones flung from the arm shall destroy him.
yT,. They come on this side, they come on that side, never resting, the good, powerful, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, asking for help thus: 'Who will praise us? Who will offer us a sacrifice? Who will meditate upon us? Who will bless us? Who will receive us with meat and clothes in his hand and with a prayer worthy of bliss? Of which of us will the name be taken for invocation? Of which of you will the soul be worshipped by you with a sacrifice? To whom will that gift of ours be given, that he may have never-failing food for ever and ever 2?'
74. We worship the perception^; we worship the intellect; we worship the conscience; we worship those of the Saoshya;//s^; We worship the souls; those of the tame animals; those of the wild animals; those of the animals that live in the waters; those of the animals that live under the ground; those of the flying ones; those of the running ones; those of the grazing ones ^.
We worship their Fravashis ^.
75. We worship the Fravashis. We worship them, the hberal; We worship them, the vaHant; we worship them, the most vaHant; We worship them, the beneficent; we worship them, the most beneficent; We worship them, the powerful; We worship them, the most strong; We worship them, the Hght; we worship them, the most hght; We worship them, the effective; we worship them, the most effective.
76. They are the most effective amongst the creatures of the two Spirits, they the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who stood holding fast when the two Spirits created the world, the Good Spirit and the Evil One ^.
77. When Angra Mainyu broke into the creation of the good holiness, then came in across Vohu Mano and Atar ^ 78. They destroyed the malice of the fiend Angra Mainyu, so that the waters did not stop flowing nor did the plants stop growing; but at once the most beneficent waters of the creator and * There seems to be in this paragraph a distinction of five faculties of the soul, asna, mana, daena, urvan, fravashi. The usual classification, as given in this Yast, § 149, and in later Parsism (Spiegel, Die traditionelle Literatur der Parsen, p. 172), is: ahu, spirit of life (?); daena, conscience; b aodh 6, perception; urvan, the soul; fravashi.
^ The Fravashis, ' on war horses and spear in hand, were around the sky...and no passage was found by the evil spirit, who rushed back ' (Bund. VI, 3-4; tr. West).
^ Cf Ormazd et Ahriman, § 107.
FARVARDiN VAST. I 99 ruler, Ahura Mazda, flowed forward and his plants went on growing.
79. We worship all the waters; We worship all the plants; We worship all the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful.
We worship the waters by their names ^; We worship the plants by their names ^; We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful by their names.
80. Of all those ancient Fravashis, we worship the Fravashi of Ahura Mazda; who is the greatest, the best, the fairest, the most solid, the wisest, the finest of body and supreme in holiness ^; 81. Whose soul is the Mathra Spe;^ta, who is white, shining, seen afar; and we worship the beautiful forms, the active forms wherewith he clothes the Amesha-Spe;^tas; we worship the swift-horsed sun.
82. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the Amesha-Spe;^tas, the bright ones, whose looks perform what they wish, the tall, quickly coming to do, strong, and lordly, who are undecaying and holy; 8^. Who are all seven of one thought, who are all seven of one speech, who are all seven of one deed; whose thought is the same, whose speech is the same, whose deed is the same, whose father and ^ That is to say, after their different kinds (described in Yasna XXXVIII, 3, 5 [7-9, 13-14]; LXVIII, 8 [LXVII, 15]; and Bund. XXI).
2 After their kinds (Bund. XXVII). " Cf. Yasna I, i.
commander is the same, namely, the Maker, Ahura Mazda; 84. Who see one another's soul thinking of good thoughts, thinking of good words, thinking of good deeds, thinking of Garo-nmana, and whose ways ^ are shining as they go down towards the libations^.
85. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis: that of the most rejoicing ^ fire, the beneficent and assembly-making^; and that of the holy, strong Sraosha ^, who is the incarnate Word, a mighty-speared and lordly god; and that of Nairyo-sangha ^ 86. And that of Rashnu Razii'ta''; That of Mithra ^, the lord of wide pastures; That of the Mathra-Spe;/ta ^; That of the sky; That of the waters; That of the earth; That of the plants; That of the Bull ''; That of the living man"; That of the holy creation ^^.
87. We worship the Fravashi of Gaya Maretan^^, ' The Vedic devayana. ^ q^ yt. XIX, 15, 17.
^ Urvazii-ta. As a proper name Urvazijta is the name of the fire in plants (Yasna XVII, 11 [65], and Bund. XVII, i).
* At the hearth and the altar. ^ See Yt. XI.
« See Vend. XXII, 7. ' See Yt. XII.
' See Yt. X. » The Holy Word. "^ See Sirozah I, 12.
" Of mankind; possibly, of Gaya (Maretan).
12 Doubtful.
^^ The first man. On the myths of Gaya Maretan, see Ormazd FARVARdJn YA5T. 20I who first listened unto the thought and teaching of Ahura Mazda; of whom Ahura formed the race of the Aryan nations, the seed of the Aryan nations.
We worship the piety and the Fravashi of the holy Zarathui^tra; \ 88. Who first thought what is good, who first spoke what is good, who first did what is good; who was the first Priest, the first Warrior, the first Plougher of the ground ^; who first knew and first taught; who first possessed ^ and first took possession of the BulP, of Holiness*, of the Word, the obedience to the Word, and dominion, and all the good things made by Mazda, that are the offspring of the good Principle; 89. Who was the first Priest, the first Warrior, the first Plougher of the ground; who first took the turning of the wheel ^ from the hands of the Daeva and of the cold-hearted man; who first in the material world pronounced the praise of Asha*', thus bringing the Daevas to naught, and confessed himself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathui'tra, one who hates the Daevas, and obeys the laws of Ahura. -^ 90. Who first in the material world said the word that destroys the Daevas, the law of Ahura; who first in the material world proclaimed the word that destroys the Daevas, the law of Ahura; who ^ As having established those three classes. His three earthly sons, Isa/-vastra, Urvata/-nara, and //z'are-X'ithra (§ 98), were the chiefs of the three classes. Cf.Vend. Introd. Ill, 15, note 3.
^ The divine Order, Ash a, ^ The wheel of sovereignty (?); cf. Yt X, 67; this expression smacks of Buddhism.
® Who first pronounced the Ashem Vohii; cf. Yt. XXI.
first in the material world declared all the creation of the Daevas unworthy of sacrifice and prayer; who was strong, giving all the good things of life, the first bearer of the Law amongst the nations; 91. In whom was heard the whole Mathra, the word of holiness; who was the lord and master of the world \ the pralser of the most great, most good and most fair Asha^; who had a revelation of the Law, that most excellent of all beings; 92. For whom the Amesha-Spe/ztas longed, in one accord with the sun, in the fulness of faith of a devoted heart; they longed for him, as the lord and master of the world, as the praiser of the most great, most good, and most fair As ha, as having a revelation of the Law, that most excellent of all beings; 93. In whose birth and growth the waters and the plants rejoiced; In whose birth and growth the waters and the plants grew; in whose birth and growth all the creatures of the good creations cried out, HaiP!
A 94. ' Hail to us! for he Is born, the Athravan, Spltama Zarathui'tra. Zarathu^tra will offer us sacrifices with libations and bundles of baresma; and there will the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda come and spread through all the seven Karshvares of the earth.
95. ' There will Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, increase all the excellences of our countries, and allay their troubles; there will the powerful Apam-Napa/^ increase all the excellences of our countries, and allay their troubles.'
^ Material lord and spiritual master..
^ The reciter of the Ashem Vohft.
We worship the piety and Fravashi of Maidhyom^ungha, the son of Arasti ^, who first Hstened unto the word and teaching of Zarathu^tra.
XXV.
96. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asmohv2.VLV2Jit ^; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asanhv2inv2.nt.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gavayan.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Parsha^*- ^aws ^, the son of Frata; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohvasti, the son of Snaoya; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Isva/, the son of Varaza.
97. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Saena, the son of Ahum-stu^f ^ who first appeared upon this earth with a hundred pupils ^ We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fradhidaya.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usmanara, the son of Paeshata.
^ Maidhyo-m^ungha was the cousin and first disciple of Zarathujtra; Zarathujtra's father, Pourushaspa, and Arasti were brothers (Bund. XXXII, 3); cf. Yasna LI [L], 19.
* Possibly, ' the holy falcon, praiser of the lord; ' thus the Law was brought to the Var of Yima by the bird Karxipta (Vend. II, 42), who recites the Avesta in the language of birds (Bund. XIX, 16): the Saena-bird (Simurgh) became in later literature a mythical incarnation of Supreme wisdom (see the Mantik uttair and Dabistan I, 55).
^ Who was the first regular teacher, the first aethrapaiti.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohuraoi-ah, the son of Fr^nya; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashorao/^ah, the son of Frdnya; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varesmorao/^-ah, the son of Franya.
98. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Isa/- vastra, the son of Zarathu^tra; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Urvata/- nara, the son of Zarathiutra; We worship the Fravashi of the holy //z^areiithra, the son of Zarathu^tra ^ We worship the Fravashi of the holy Daevo- Ih'is, the son of Takhma.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Thrimithwa;2/, the son of Spitama I We worship the Fravashi of the holy D(2ungha, the son of Zairita.
99. We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Vktaspa^; the gallant one, who was the incarnate ^ ' By Zaratiut were begotten three sons and three daughters; one son was Isa</vastar, one Aurvata^-nar, and one Khurshet/--^ihar; as Isaa'vastar was chief of the priests he became the Mobad of Mobads, and passed away in the hundredth year of the religion; Aurvatac^-nar was an agriculturist, and the chief of the enclosure formed by Yim, which is below the earth (see Vend. II, 43 [141]); Khurshe^-y^ihar was a warrior, commander of the army of Peshyotanu, son of Vijtasp (see Yt. XXIV, 4), and dwells in Kangdes; and of the three daughters the name of one was Fren, of one Srit, and of one P6ru/{'ist (see Yt. XIII, 139). A6rvata^-nar and Khurshea'-y^ihar were from a serving (/takar) wife, the rest were from a privileged (pa^akhshah) wife ' (Bund. XXXII, 5-6; tr. West).
^ According to Anquetil, ' the threefold seed of Spitama Zarathuj-tra;' cf. above, § 62.
* The king of Bactra, the champion of Zoroastrism; cf. Yt. V, Word, the mighty-speared, and lordly one; who, driving the Dru^ ^ before him, sought wide room for the holy religion; who, driving the Dru^^ before him, made wide room for the holy religion, who made himself the arm and support of this law of Ahura, of this law of Zarathui-tra.
I oo. Who took her ^, standing bound ^, from the hands of the Hunus'^, and established her to sit in the middle [of the world], high ruling, never falling back, holy, nourished with plenty of cattle and pastures, blessed with plenty of cattle and pastures ^ loi. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zairivairi ^; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yukhtavairi; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Sriraokh-. shan; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Keresaokhshan; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vanara; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varaza; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Bto^isravah ^; ^ Dru^a paurva«-^a, possibly, ' with the spear pushed forwards' (reading dru-^a), 2 Daena, the religion. s Cf. Yt. 11, 15.
* A generic name of the people called elsewhere Varedhakas (Yt. IX, 31; XVII, 51) or ZTz^yaonas (ibid, and XIX, 87). The Hunus have been compared with the Hunni; but it is not certain that this is a proper name; it may be a disparaging denomination, meaning the brood (hunu=:Sansk. slinu; cf. Yt. X, 113).
^ Zarir, the brother of Vutaspa and son of Aurva/-aspa (see Yt. V, 1 1 2). The ten following seem to be the names of the other sons of Aurva/-aspa (Bund. XXXI, 29).
* Possibly the same with Pat-Khosrav, a brother to Vi.rtaspa in the Ya^kar-i Zariran, as Mr. West informs me.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Berezyar^ti; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ti^yar^ti; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Perethuar>rti; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vi^yar^ti.
1 02. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Naptya; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Va-^aspa; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Habaspa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vistauru \ the son of Naotara.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fra^-hamvareta ^; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frashokareta.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atarevanu; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atarepata; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ataredata; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atare- -^ithra; ^ Gustahm, the son of Nodar; see Yt. V, 76. Strangely enough, Tusa is not mentioned here, unless he is the same with one of the preceding names: possibly the words ' the son of Naotara ' (Naotairyana) refer to all the four.
" Possibly Frashidvard ij^s^J (misspelt from a Pahlavi form Fra^anvard?»J)>»oo^e' (?); the Ya<fkar-i Zariran, as Mr. West informs me, has <f>')»oo^e) and 'J'o^'oo^fi')- Frashidvard was a son of Gujtasp: he was killed by one of Ar^asp's heroes and avenged by his brother Isfendyar (Speilto-data). The following names would belong to his brothers: most of them contain the word Atar, in honour of the newly-adopted worship of fire.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atare- ^z'arenah; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ataresavah; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atareza;2tu; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ataredanghii.
103. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hiukyaothna; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pi^kyaothna; We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Spe;^t6-d^ta ^.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Bastavairi ^; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kavarazem ^ We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frashaoi'tra *, the son of Hvova; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Camaspa ^, the son of Hvova; ^ Isfendyar, the heroic son of Gujtasp, killed by Rustem.
^ In the YadkdT-l Zariran, according to Mr. West, Bastvar, the son of Zairivairi, whose death he avenges on his murderer Vidraf^. This makes Bastavairi identical with the Nastur^::^ of Firdausi (read Bastur j>.".>^>).
^ Kavarazem is the Gurezm of later tradition (-];.j)> 'the jealous brother of Isfendyar, whom he slandered to his father and caused to be thrown into prison' (Burhan qati'h). Firdausi (IV, 432) has only that he was a relation to Gii^tasp: ]j^.^^li^S"i.^ ^x.^ iy,;_/jjJ*- ^^^ Etudes Iraniennes, II, 230.
* Who gave his daughter, Hvovi, in marriage to Zarathujtra We worship the Fravashi of the holy Avarao^tri \ 104. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hui-kyaothna, the son of Frashao-rtra; We worship the Fravashi of the holy //"z^adaena, the son of Frashao^tra.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hanghaurv(^ungh, the son of 6^amaspa ^; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vareshna, the son of Hanghaurv^ungh.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohunemah, the son of Avaraoi"tri, To withstand evil dreams, to withstand evil visions, to withstand evil...^ to withstand the evil Pairikas.
105. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Mathravaka, the son of Simae^'i, the Aethrapati, the Hamidhpati *, who was able to smite down most of the evil, unfaithful Ashemaoghas, that shout the hymns ^, and acknowledge no lord and no master '', the dreadful ones whose Fravashis are to be broken'^; to withstand the evil done by the faithful «.
^ Another brother to Frashao^tra (?).
^ The son of Gamasp in the Shah Namah is called Girami and Garamik-kard? in the Ya^ar-i Zariran. ^? Aoiwra.
* Aethrapati, in Parsi herbad, a priest, whose special function is to teach; his pupils were called aethrya. Aethrapati meant literally 'the master of the hearth' (cf. herkodah, fire-temple). Hamidhpati is literally 'the master of the sacrificial log.'
^ Doubtful.
* No temporal lord (ahu) and no spiritual master (ratu). ' Doubtful (avas^asta-fravashinam).
* The evil done by Zoroastrians. This Mathravaka (' Proclaimer io6. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashastu, the son of Maidhyo-m^ungha ^ We worship the Fravashi of the holy Avarethrabah, the son of Rastare-vagha??/.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Bu^ra, the son of Dazgaraspa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zbaurva;^/; We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Karesna -, the son of Zbaurva;/^^; who was the incarnate Word, mighty-speared and lordly; 107. In whose house did walk the good, beautiful, shining Ashi Vanguhi, in the shape of a maid fair of body, most strong, tall-formed, high-up girded, pure, nobly born of a glorious seed ^; who, rushing to the battle, knew how to make room for himself with his ow^n arms; who, rushing to the battle, knew how to fight the foe with his own arms *.
108. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Viraspa, the son of Karesna; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Azata, the son of Karesna: We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frayaodha, the son of Karesna.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy and good Arshya; Arshya, the chief in assemblies, the most energetic of the worshippers of Mazda.
of the Holy Word') was apparently a great doctor and confounder of heresies.
^ Possibly the eponym of that great Karen family, which played so great a part in the history of the Sassanian times, and traced its origin to the time of Gujtasp (Noeldeke, Geschichte der Perser zur Zeit der Sasaniden, p. 437).
2IO YA5TS AND SIROZAHS.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Daraya/- ratha; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fraya/- ratha; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Skaraya^ ratha.
T09. We worship the Fravashi of the holy We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vyarjva;^/; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Paityar^- We worship the Fravashi of the holy Amru^ We worship the Fravashi of the holy iTamru \ We worship the Fravashi of the holy Dratha; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Paitidratha; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Paitivangha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frashavakhsha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Nemovanghu, the son of Vaedhayangha.
no. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Visadha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashavanghu, the son of Biva;/dangha ^; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gdivbdanghu, the son of Pairii-tira ^; ^ Amru and ^amru are apparently the two mythical birds mentioned above under the names of Sin-amru (the Amru-falcon) and A^amroi- (p. 173, note i).
2 Mr. West compares Ashavanghu, the son of Bivawdangha, and G^arodanghu, the son of Pairi^-tira, with the two high-priests of the Karshvares of Arezahi and Savahi, whose names are, in the We worship the Fravashi of the holy Neremyazdana, the son of Athwyoza.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Bereziiriu, the son of Ara; We worship the Fravashi of the hoty Kasupatu, the son of Ara.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frya.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Astva^- ERETA \ 111. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gaopivanghu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Ham-baretar vanghvam ^.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Staotar- Vahii-tahe-Ashyehe ^.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pourudhakhjti, the son of Kh^tavaenya; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Khsholwraspa, the son of Kh^-tavaenya.
112. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ayoasti, the son of Pouru-dhakh^ti ^; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohv-asti, the son of Pouru-dhakh^ti; '^ Possibly, 'the holy Ham-baretar vanghvam, the son of Takhma.* His name means, ' the gatherer of good things.'
^ This name means, ' the praiser of excellent holiness ' (the reciter of the Ashem Vohu).
* See preceding paragraph.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gayadhasti, the son of Poiiru-dhakhi-ti; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asha-vazdah, the son of Pouru-dhakhi^ti ^; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Urudhu, the son of Pourii-dhakhi"ti.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Khshathroy^inah, the son of Khshvoiwraspa ^.
113. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashahura, the son of Gisti.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frayaza;2ta; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frmah, the son of Frayaza?2ta; We worship the Fravashi of the holy 6^ar6vanghu, the son of Frayaza;/ta.
We worship the Fravashis of the holy Ashavazdah and Thrita, the sons of Sayu^dri ^ We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohurao/^ah, the son of Varakasa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Are^angha.n^, the Turanian ^.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usinemah.
114. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yiikhtaspa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashaskyaothna, the son of Gayadhasti ^.
* One of the seven immortals, rulers in Z^z'aniratha; cf. Yt. V, 72, text and notes, and Yt. XIII, 120, 124.
^ See preceding paragraph.
^ See Yt. V, 72. The text has 'the Fravashi;' cf. Yt. V, 116, note, and Yt. XIII, 115.
* Cf. Yt. XIII, 143. Possibly, the son of Tilra.
J We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohunemah, the son of Katu; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohuvazdah, the son of Katu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashasaredha, the son of Asha-sairya/C^; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashasaredha, the son of Zairya/C'.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy A'akhshni.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Syavaspi.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pouriuti, the son of Kavi.
115. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varesmapa, the son of 6^anara.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Nanarasti, the son of Paeshatah; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zarazdati, the son of Paeshatah, We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gaevani, the son of Vohu-nemah ^ We worship the Fravashis of the holy Arezva and Sr6ta-spadha.
We worship the Fravashis ^ of the holy Zrayah and Spe;2t6-khratu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Var^ni, the son of Vagereza.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fra/^ya, the son of Taurvati.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vahmaedata, the son of Mathravaka \ 1 There are two men of this name; one is the son of Katu (§ 114), the other is the son of Avaraoj-tri (§ 104).
2 The text has 'the Fravashi;' cf. preceding page, note 3.
2T4 YASTS AND siROZAHS.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy U^tra, the son of Sadhanah.
1 1 6. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Danghu-sriita; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Danghufradhah.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aspopadho-makhi'ti; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Payanghromakhi'ti.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy U^tiza^^ta.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashasavah; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashourvatha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Haomo- 117. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frava.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usnaka.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy //z'anva/^/.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Daenovazah.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Are^aona.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aiwi- /^z^arenah.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Huyazata.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Haredhaspa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pazinah.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Z?^i7akhshathra.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashopaoirya.
FARVARDIN YAST. 21$ We worship the Fravashi of the holy Astvat- ERETA \ 1 1 8. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hug^u.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Anghiiyu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gauri; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Y<lsta., the son of Gauri.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Mazdravanghu; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Sriravanghu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ayuta. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Suroyazata.
119. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Eredhwa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kavi.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ukhshan, the son of the great Vidi-sravah, known afar I We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vanghudhata, the son of i7z^adhata; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Uzya, the son of Vanghu-dhata; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frya.
120. We worship the Fravashi of the holy one whose name is Ashem-yeNhe-raoyC'(3;u; We worship the Fravashi of the holy one whose name is Ashem-yeNhe-vereza; 2 Perhaps, Ukhshan, the conqueror of glory, known afar, son of Berezva«/.
2l6 YAS'TS AND SIROZAHS.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy one whose name is Ashem-yahmai-ui"ta ^ We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yoii'ta^ of the Fryana house.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usmanara, the son of Paeshatah Paitisrira ^, to withstand the evil done by one's kindred *.
12 1. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Spiti^, the son of Uspasnu; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Erezraspa, the son of Uspasnu ^.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usadhan, the son of Mazdayasna.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frada/- vanghu, the son of Stiva;^/.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy RaoZ'as- /^a^shman^; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvare- ^aeshman '^.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frasrtjt^ra; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Visrutara.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Baremna.
^ One of the immortals, rulers in ZTz^aniratha: he is said to belong to the Fryana family (Dadislan XC, 3); he resides in the district of the river Naivtak (Bund. XXIX, 5).
' Paitisrira is perhaps an epithet (most beautiful?), added to distinguish Paeshatah from the hero mentioned in § 115.
* An allusion to some legend of domestic feud of which PaSshatah was the hero.
^ The high-priest of the Fradadhafshu Karshvare (Spitoi^-i Ausposinan; Bund. XXIX, i; tr. West, note 6).
^ The high-priest of the Vidadhafshu Karshvare (Airi2-rasp Ausposinan; see ibid., note 7).
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Visrdta. 122. We worship the Fravashi of the holy We worship the Fravashi of the holy A'athwaraspa 2.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Dawramaeshi.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fraoraostra, the son of Kaosha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frinaspa, the son of Kaeva.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frada/- nara, the son of Gravaratu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohuu^tra, the son of Akhnangha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vivareshva;^/, the son of Ainyu.
123. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frarazi, the son of Ttara ^ We worship the Fravashi of the holy Stipi, the son of Rava;^^.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Parsha;^ta, the son of Ga/zdarewa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Avahya, the son of Spe;^ta.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aeta, the son of Mayu; 1 Probably the same with Huvasp, the high-priest in the Vourubarerti Karshvare (Bund. XXIX, i; tr. West, note 8).
2 Possibly the same with the high-priest in the Vouru-^^'are^ti karshvare, i^akhravak (ibid., note 9). iTakhravak is the generic name of the bird Karshipta (Pahl. Comm. ad II, 42 [139]) 5 it must stand here by mistake for ^aharasp.
2l8 YA^TS AND SIROZAHS.