Philo, a philosopher of the first name in the Academy, with many of the principal AtbenioiB, having deserted their native home, aiid £ed to Bome, from the fury of Mithridates, I immediately became his Boholu*, and was exceedingly taken with his philosophyj and, besides tlie pleosuvQ I received from the great variety and sublimity of hui matter, I was stiJl more inclined to confiuo my attention to that study; because there was reaaou to apprehend that oar laws and judicial proceedings would be wholly overturned by the continuance of the public disorders. In the same year Sulpicius lost his life; and Quintus Catulus, Marcus Antonius, and Caius Julius, three omtors who wera partly contemporary with each other, were most inhumanly put to death. Then also I attended the lectures of Mob tlie Khodian, who was newly come to Homo, and was both an eicellant pleader, and an able tL'aclier of the nrf.
XC, "I hitve mentioned thuoM i-mkuhu--'. which, perha ON EMINENT 0KAT0B3.
may appear foreign to our purpose, that you, my Brutii^ (for Atticua is already acquainted with them,} may bo able to mark my progress, aad observe how closely I trod upon tho heels of Hortonsius. The three following years the city was free from the tumult of anna; but either by the deatli, the voluntary retirement, or the flight of our ablest orators, (for oven Marcus Crassua, aud the two Lentuli, who were then iu the bloom of youth, had all left ua,) Hortensius, of course, was the first speaker io the forum. Antistius, too, was daily rising into reputation; Piso pleaded pretty often; Pomponiua, not BO frequently; Carbo, very eeldom; and Philippua, only once or twice. In the meanwhile I pursued my studies of every kind, day and night, with unremitting application. 1 lodged and boarded at my own house (where be lately died) DiodotuB the Stoic; whom 1 employed as nay preceptor iu various other parts of learning, but particularly in logic, which may be considered as a close and contracted species of eloquence; and without which, you yourself have declared it impoBsible to acquire that fuU and perfect eloquence, which they suppose to be an open and dilated kind of logic. Yet with all my attention fa Diodotus, and the various arts he was master o^ I never suffered even a single day to escape me, without some exercise of the oratorical kind. I constantly declaimed in private with Marcus Piso, Quintus Pompeius, or some other of my acquaintance; pretty often in Latin, but much oftener in Greek; because the Greek fiiraiahes a greater variety of ornaments, and an opportunity of imitating and introducing them into the Latin; and because the Greek masters, who were far the best, could not correct and improve us, unless we declaimed in that language. This time was distinguished by a violent struggle to restore the liberty of the republic; the barbarous slaughter of the three orators, Scievola, Carbo, and Antistius; the return of Cotta, Curio, Crassus, Pompey, and the Lentuli; the re-establishment of the laws and courts of judicature, and the entire restoration of the commouweaitli; but we lost Pomponius, Cenaorinus, and Murena, from the roll of orators. 1 now began, for the Jirit time, to undertake the mant^ement of causes, both private and public; not, as moat did, with a view to leam my profession, but to make a trial of the abilities which I had taken so muoii pains to acquire. I had then a second opportunity of attending the instructions of Molo, who came to Eome whila Sylla was K K dictator, to solicit thff payment of what waa due to h countrymen for their servicea in the Mithridatic war. My defence of Septus Rosoi us, which was the first cause 1 pleaded, met with 8uoh a favourable reception, that, Ijom that motnent, I wss looked upon as an advocate of the first class, and equal to the greatest and most important causes; and after lliis I pleaded many othere, which I precomposed with all the care and accuracy 1 was master o-E XOI. " But Hs you Beem desirous not so much to be acquainted with any iBcidental marks of my character, or • the first sallies of my youth, as to know me thoroughly, I shall mention some particulars, which otherwise might have seemed unnecessary. At this time my body was eioeedingly weak and emaciated; my neck long and slender; a shape and hahit which I thought to be liable to great rvk of Lfe, if engaged in any violent fatigue, or labour of As lungs. And it gave the greater alarm to those who hod a regard for me, that I used to speak without any renuBraoo or variation, with the utm.oat stretch of my voice, and ■ total agitation of my body. When my friends, therefore, and physicians, a(iviEed me to meddjo no more with forenuc causes, I resolved to run any hazard rather than quit the hopes of glory which I had proposed to myself from pleading; but when I considered, that by managing my voice, and changing my way of speakmg, I might both avoid all future danger of that kind and speak with greater ease, I took a resolution of travelling into Asia, merely for an opportunity to correct my manner of speaking; bo that after I had been two years at the bar, and acquired some reputation in the forum, I left Borne, When I came to Athens, I apent six months with Antioehua, the principal aud meet judicious philosopher of the old Academy; and under this aUe master, I renewed those philoGophical studies which I hod laboriously cultivated and improved from my earliest youth.
At the same time, however, I continued my rhetorical exercites under Demetrius the Syrian, an experienced and reputable master r)f the art of speaking. After leaving Athene I traversed every part of Asia, where I wna voluntarily attended by the principal oratorsof the country, with whom I renewed my rhetorical exercises. The chief of them was Menippus of Stratonica, the most eloquent of ail the Asiatics; and if to be neither tedious nor impertinent is the choraotcdstii] REMAEKa ON EMINENT OEATORB. 499 of on Attic 01-ator, he may he justly ranked ia that class. Dioiiyaiuaalsoof Magueaia,^schylu8of Cuidos, and Xenodes of Adramyttium, who were eateemod the iii-st rhetoridans of Asia, were continually with me. Not conteuted with these, I went to KhodcB, aud applied myself again to Moio, whom I had beard before at Home; and who was both an experienced pleader and a fine writer, and particularly judicious in remarking the faults of his Bcholars, as well as in his method of teaching and iotiproYing them. Hia principal trouble with me was to reatrain the lusuriancy of a juvemle imagination, always ready to overflow its banks, within its due and proper channel. Thus, after an excursion of two years, 1 returaed to Italy, not only much improved, but almost changed into a new man. The vehemence of my voice and action was considerably abated; the excessive ardour of my language was correoted; my lungs were strengthened j and my whole constitution confirmed aud aettled.
XCII. " Two orators then reigned in the forum {I mean ' Cotta and Hortensiua), whose glory fired my emulation. Cotta's way of speaking was calm and easy, and distinguished by the flowing elegance and propriety of his language. The other was splendid, wann, and animated; not such as you, my BrutuB, have seen him, ■when he had shed the blossom of his eloquence, but far more lively and pathetic both in his style and action. As Hortensius, therefore, was nearer to me in age, and his manner mora agreeable to the natural ardour of my temper, I considered him as the proper object of my competition. For I observed that when they were both engaged in the same cause, (as, for instance, when they defended Marcus Canuleius, and Oneius Dolabella, a man of consular dignity,) though Cotta was generally employed to open the defence, the most important parts of it were left to the management of Hortensius. For a crowded audience and a clamorous forum require an orator who is lively, animated, full of action, and able to exert his voice to the highest pitch. The first year, therefore, after my return firom Asia, I undertook several capital causes; and in the interim 1 put up as a candidate for the quaastorsbip, Cotta for the consulate, and Hortensius for the cedfleship. After I was cbosen quKstar, I passed a year in Sicily, the provinoe assigned to me by lot; Cotta went as consul into Gaul; and Eottenaius, whose new office required hia preeence at £ome, Kk3 ] y orabbdtdb; OB, ] y orabbdtdb; OB, waa left of course the uudigputed Boveroign of tLe formn. la the succeeding year, when I returned from Sicily, my torical taleutH, such as tliey were, displayed themselves their full perfection and maturity.
" I have been saying too much, perhaps, conoermng ' but my design in it vaa not to make a parade eloquence and ability, which I have no temptation to do, only to specify the pains and labour which I have taken to improve it. After spending the five succeeding years in pleading a variety of causes, and with the ablest advocates of the time, I waa declared autodile,aad undertook the patronage of the Sicilians against Hortensius, who was then one of the consuls elect. j^XCIII. But as the subject of our conversation not only tequires an historical detail of orators, but such preceptive remarks as may be necessary to elucidate their characters; it will not be improper to make some observations of this kind upon that of Hortenaius. After his appointment to the consulship (very probably, because he saw none of consular dignity who were able to rival him, and despised the competition of others of inferior rank) he began to remit tliat inteuse application which ho had hitherto persevered in from his childhood; and having settled himself in very a£9uent circumstances, he chose to live for the future what he thought an easy life, but which, in truth, was rather an indolent ona In the three succeeding years, the beauty of his colouring was so much impaired as to be very perceptible to a skilful connoisseur, though not to a common observer. After that, he grew every day more unlike himself than before, not only in otijer parte of eloquence, but by a gradual decay of the former celerity and elegant testure of his language. I, at the same time, spared no pains to improve and enlarge my talents, sucb as they were, by every cxerciae that was proper for the purpose, but particularly by tliat of writiijg. Not to mention sevei-al other advantages I derived from it, I shall only observe, that about this tinie, and but a very few years after my sedileship, I was declared the first pnetor, by the unanimous suffrages of my fellow-citizens. For, by my diligence and assiduity as a pleader, aud my accurate way of speaking, which was rather B.uperior to the ordinary style of the bar, the novelty of my eloquence had engaged the attention and secured the good wishes of the public But I Bay nothing of myself; I will confine my discourse to RKIUSEB ON EUDHUfT ORATORS.
other speakers, among whom there is not one who has gained nkore than & common acquaintance with those parts of hterature which feed the Bpringa of eloquence; not one who has been thoroughly nurtured at the breast of Philosophy, which u the mother of every excellence either in deed or speech; not one who has acquired an accurate knowledge of the civil law, which is ho necessary for the management even of private causes, and to direct the judgment of an orator; not one who is a complete master of the Roman history, which would enable us, on many ocoasions, to appeal to the venerable evidence of the dead; not one who can entangle his opponent in such a neat and humorous mEuiner, as to relax the severity of the judges into a smile or an opea laugh; not one who kaowB how to dilate and expand hia subject, by reducing it iiom the limited considerations of time and person, to some general and indefinite topic; not one who knows how to enliven it by an agreeable digression; not one who can rouse the indignation of the judge, or extort from him the tear of compassion; or who can inatiecco and bend his soul (which is confessedly the capital perfection of an orator), in snob a moaner as shall best suit his purpose.
SCIV. " When Hortensius, therefore, the once eloquent and admired Hortensius, had almost vanished &om the forum, my appointment to the consulship, which happened about sis years after his own promotion to that office, revived bis dying emidation; for he was unwilling that, after I had equalled him ia rank and dignity, I should become his superior in any other respect. But in the twelve succeeding years, by a mutual deference to each other's abilities, we united our efforts at the bar in the most amicable manner; and my consulship, which had at first given a short alarm to his jealou^, afterwards cemented our friendship, by the generous candour with which he applauded my conduct. But our emulous efFbrts were exerted in the most conspicuous manner, just before the commencement of that unhappy poriod, when Eloquence herself was confounded and terrified by the din of arms into a sudden and total silence; for after Ponipey had proposed and carried a law, which allowed even the party accused but three hours to make his defence, I appeared (though comparatively as a mere noviciate by this new regulation) in a number of causes which, in fact, were become perfectly the same, or very nearly so } most of which, my Brutus, BHUTOa; OB, BHUTOa; OB, you were present, to beer, as baving been my psrtner and fellow-advocate in many of tbem, though you pleaded several by yourself; and Horteusius, though be died a short time afterwardB, bore his share in these limited efforts. He began to plead about ton years before the time of your birth; and in his siity-fourth year, but a very few days before his death, ha was engird with you in the defence of Appias, your fether-in-law. As to our reBpectiTe talents, the orations we have published will enable posterity to form a proper judgment of them.
XCV. " Bnt if we mean to inquire, why Hortensina wna more admired for his eloquence in the yuunger part of his life than in his latter yearn, wo shall find it owing to the following causes. The first was, that an A»iatic style is more allowable in a young man than in an old one. Of tliis there are two different kinds. The former is sententiona and sprightly, and abounds in those turns of thought which are not ao much distinguishod by their weight and solidity as by their neatness and elegance; of this cast was Tiraieaa the historian, and the two orators bo much talked of in our yoimger doye, Hierocles of Alabanda, and Lis brotJier MeuecleB, but particularly the latter; both whose oralioiis may he reckoned master-pieces of this kind. The other sort in not BO remarkable for the plenitude and richness of its thoughts, as for its rapid volubility of eipression, which at present is the ruling taste in Asia; but, besides its uncommon fluency, it is recommended by a choice of words which are peculiarly delioate and ornamental; of this kind were j£scbylus the Cnidian, and my contemporaiy ^schioea the Uilesian; for they had an admirablo command of language^ with very little elegance of sentiment. These sbowy kinds of eloquence are agi-eeable enough in young people; but they are entirely destitute of that gravity and composure whitL befits a riper age. As Hortensius therefore excelled in both, he was heard with applause in the earlier part of his life. Fot be had all that fertility and graceful variety of sentiment which distingutsbed the character of Menecles; but, bk in Menecles, bo in him, there were many turns of thought which Tere more delicate and entertaining than really nsefiit, or indeed eometimes convenient. His language also wH brilliant and rapid, and yet perfectly neat and but by no means agreeable t4> men of riper year J EMINENT OHaTODS. 503 often seen it received by Pbilippue with, the utmoat deriaion, and, upon some occasions, with a. contemptuous iudiguation.; but the younger jis-rt of the audience admired it, and the populace were highly pleased with it. In his youth, therefore, he met the warmest approbation of the public, and maintained his post with ease as the first orator ia the forum. For the style he chose to speak in, though it has little weight or authority, appeared very suitable to his age j and as it discoTered in faim the most visible marks of genius and application, and was recommended by the numerous cadence of his periods, he was heard with universal applause. But when the honours he afterwards rose to, and the dignity of his years, required something more serious and composed, he still continued to appear in the same character, though it no longer became him; and as he had, for some considerable time, intermitted those exercises, and relaxed that laborious attention which had once distinguished him, though bis former neatness of expression and luiuriancy of aouceplioa still remained, they were stripped of those brilliant ornaments they had been used to wear. For this reason, perhaps, my Brutus, he appeared less pleasing to you than he woulJ have done, if you had been old enough to hear him, when he was fired with emulation, and flourished in the full bloom of bis eloquence."
XCVI, "I am perfectly sensible," said Brutus, "of the justice of your remarks; and yet I have always looked upoa Hortonsius as a great orator, but especially when he pleaded for Uessala, in the time of your absence." " I have often beard of it," replied I; "and his oration, which was afterwards published, they say, in the very same words in whioh he delivered ' it, is no way inferior to the character you give it. Upon the whole, then, his reputation flouriahed &om the time of Crassus and Sctevola {reckoning from the oonsulahip of the former), to the consulship of Paiillus and Moroellus; aud I held out in the same career of glory from the dictatorship of Sylla, to the period I have last mentioned. Thus the eloquenoe of Hortensiua was extinguished by hia own death, and mine by that of the commonwealth." " Presage more fiivoiimbiy, I beg of you," cried Brutus. " As favourably as yon please," said I, " and that, not so much upon my own account as years. But kie death was truly fortunate, who did not live to behold the miseries which he bad long foreseen; for wa I ■ 001 BKDTua; OR, I often lamented, between ouraelveB, the misfortunes ' bung over the state, when "we diacoTered the seeds of a dril war in the insatiable ambition of a few prifate citizens, and eaw every hope of an accommodation excluded hy the rashneea and precipitancy of our public couaaels. But the felicity which always marked his life eeema to have exempted him, by a seasonable death, from the calamities that followed. But as, after the decease of HorteiisiuB, we seem to have heea left, my Brutus, as the sole guardians of an orphan eloquence, let us cherish her, within our own walls at least, with a generous fidelity; let us discourage the addresses of her worthless and impertinent suitors; let us preserve her pure and unblemished in all her virgin charms, and secure her, to the utmost of our ability, from the lawless violence of every armed ruffian. I must own, however, though I am heartily grieved that I entered so late upon the road of life as to be overtaken by a gloomy night of public distress, before I bad finished my journey, that I am not a little relieved by the tender consolation which you administered to me in your very agreeable letters; in which you tell me I ought to recollect my courage, since my past transactions are such as Tvill speak for me when I am silent, and survive my death; and such as, if the Gods permit, will bear an ample testimony to the prudence and integrity of my public counsels, by the final restoration of the republic; or, if otherwise, by burying me in the ruins of my country.
XCVII, " But when I look upon i/ott, mj Brutus, it fills me with anguish to reflect that, in the vigour of your youth, and when you were making the most rapid progress in the road to fame, your career was suddenly stopped by the fiitnJ overthrow of the commonwealth. This unhappy circumstance has stung me to the heart; and not me only, but my TOorthy friend here, who has the same affection for you and the same esteem for your merit which I have. We have the warmest wishes for your happiness, and heartily pray that you may reap the rewards of your excellent virtues, and live to find a republic in which you will be able, not only to revive, but even to add to the fame of your iUiatrious ancestora. For the forum was your birthright, your native theatre oC "1 action; and you were the only person that entered it, who b not only formed his elocution by a rigorous course of privi piactioe, but enriched his oratory with the furniture of phi atreoC^ hobaM irivdH I EMINENT OK&TORS.
sophic^ scieoco, and thus united the bigbcst viitiie to the most consummate eloquence. Your situation, therefore, wounds us with the double anxiety that yoa are deprived of the republic, and the republic of i/ou. But still continue, raj Brutus, (notwithstjiudiug the career of your genius has beeo checked by the rude shock of our pubhc distreBsea,) continue to pursue your favourite studios, and endeavonr (what you have almost, or rather entirely effected already) to distinguish yourself from the promiscuous crowd of pleaders with which I have loaded the little history I have been giving you. For it would ill befit you (richly furuishcd as you are with those liberal arts which, unable to acquire at home, you imported from that celebrated city which has always been revered as the seat of learuing) to pass after all aa an ordinary pleader. For to what purposes have you studied under Pammenes, the most eloquent man in Greece t or what advantage have you derived from the discipline of the old Academy, and its hereditary master Ariatus, (my guest and very intamate acquaintance,) if you still rank yourself in the common class of orators t Have we not seen that a whole age oould scarcely lumish two speakers who really esoelled in their profession? Among a crowd of contemporaries, Galba, for instance, was the only orator of distinction; for old Cato (we are informed) was obliged to yield to his superior merit, as were likewise his two juniors, Lepidus and Carbo. But, in apubhoharangue, the style of hia successors, the Graochij was fiir mora easy and lively; and yet, even in their time, the Eoman eloquence had not reached its perfection. Afterwards, came Antoniusand Crasaus; and then Cotta, Sulpicius, Hortensius, and — but I sny no more; I can only add, that if had been so fortunate [Tke conclwion it lott] I PI m m I N D m — AlcibladM, wotka of. 341, 1 n.'t'm dootrtnea, 310.
ieatning ud elonuencc, 371, 4W.
ISS i miuiiiM of disputing in Ihe, 164, eltM,; founded by XonocraloB. S4S: New, toundrf hr Arfe«lM. Ml.
All^p^'cBl plmieology, uie of. in 'on.
Aecent, petLllatiiiti at, 4i0.
Alllei, rlghti of, ifaould be known to tko orator, IS).
Alploui, a. onliona of, 427.
JVcHng, poinli to be observed In, Ml.
Action, n.lure and jrinciplEt ot 3B<; Turioue quettluii relating to, Ml; op Amblguoua nsrda, plays on, EBi, iX.
the Draper use of, S5S; the speeeh of miiUken in nn BttitDde, 174: eniior aCicaro to, 23; fceiinga of, IHl tiani ot the. E74.!7i.
ad)UDiei a paitlGnlar lose of TokB, A™ofsplay,8l,,(».
AcnJta. a^I; hii gieu knowiedgs of Aniciuf, 54; Cicero's opinion of, 74.
Animal body, barmony and peifecUoD of the. M4.
£ilu>. BeitUB, Iba Roman laoyei, 196, Anniiu.'T. an orator. 433.
universal fcnowledBe. 3SU; oiationior.
MB; remark. on, 4*1.
Ant pater, of Sldoo, the poet, 3W.
.SmiUuiiu, A&icuiu, an imnieal Juter, AnDpoUi, L. C. the hiitatlui, i3S.
Ant phon, Ihe esaayi^t, 413.
amilinj, M. 276; an eminent o«i«, Anliqaily must be knoBn W the orator, IBB^ aludyof, 194 c( «.. IBS. Anlisthenes, foundei of the Cynlci and Adtistlut of Pytgt, 307.
Antonlua. C. 97.
Anlonln., Mhcos, the Mend of ClMIo, Ahnlus,' M. the poet', 448.
Aeaation, law pf. 1S7, el s.
Agransn li", brought in by Jolins Antony, Mark, Hu political itmgglBi on Albucjlu, T. ieiAArki on, 43 I I J ApBllofliiu, ihc Apullimliii, ibt < Appclld, Ihc Ottck pilnlei Applui road, 9, et n. Appliu, > bicad of Cicero Aiiptu*. thv elder, uying of.;iOd. Appiui, the blind, an Kbie ipeaker, 1 Apjitui Pnlchor, eamulibip of, sa. Appollonii, people of, 19, If. Aptttudaudeoflgnilly of language, J ApulEliui liir, 211, til.] niL Apalqlui csniiDeDded by BruCas, 1<M Apaleiui, L. tba orator, 4S7. Aquiliui, U. hit trial ud acquittal,: Attica, the daughter or AtticDB. 114. ft a.
10, reijecdng hiH broiher, 30, 81 1 ht abtidgdieiil of "Univen'al MiiiuT," Aiding. 2M; diderom modei of dunlin^, 1S7, eJ Kq.; the teree < fluti anil lopici of, 313, 91 in. Arguments, tlia strurgest la be ie ArUtlppiu, founder nf the CjreDaic loMpby, 34H.
imended by Biatiu, II* BUli Df eidunge, Cigog-i Books, Cioetn'n auggudo&a i St. mo, IDS, IDB, Ira, ^ INDEX. £09 f nniKglH on ()ie ieUb of€sur, 90; Cl™, punnlnfi on tlie ««d, M4, hli lutlers liifTernitly «■ tinged in dif- CalYui, C. L. Iiigh cliBiaclet of, 4B7, 489.
Canachui, the Greet sculptor, 4S0.
nmn! pMilipn, M; CKidaiia. near Macedonia, 110.
Csni'it, C. nilly Ingmuity of, 305.
■rtM [0. Ill: hi. hlBb opinioiiof CLMt* 113. 114; hi. Dplnioni of Oetavloi.
niKS ID tolldt the clem ene; of Oclagal authority, \ idvi)^ Hy Capitol. d«ign and beauty of Ihe, 3M.
wlttleirat or Cnsiui axaiiKt, 3SS.
SM, Ciceni'i conCerenec wi.h,onerairematkB on, on. or CiMra Ciubo, Cn. the eoniul, 1S3, rf b-j an at hit poUtlcit dIffiEuld Cartiilu., §. pinning anccdola of, 39).
CsciLiDi!, Itae writer of oraedie., 2J1, E-Mrrr'-'"- Caliua, C. rFiniukBDTi, 41 Calins. L. an clepinl wrtl SO; hold. Syria, »; hi. miliiary.uo- CbUui, M. hinh chiracler Csuiu^ Lucius, eloquence of, 4!S.
Callenus, Tllu., his chararter, B4, as.
CapiM, the two, judgmsnt and eloquence OBlillne. eon«piiKy of. 111!, H it.
oV, 4as.
Clio, C. the sEOaur, 39, ta, 44^.peocli Crw, meaning of, aw «.
of.SO; nephew of Africanu..«l.
Cbm, Marcus, opposei the Asruian laur, i Omi, j'ulliurbi. polilic 21; hl> m endangered, 39; hKeighi BgBinn Pooipey, 43, 44; ule ofTiia IsalpineGaul gladiatoi. md matadors. 49; repu- ' nd lllrrlcuiu uti^ned him. as; Cidialed hy the con.nl.. iS; bl» inSuenttro>pr»i.ssof,s!,iB, ieerore«l»oa tiil positicn. M; notice, of, 30e,.2!S, .flatleiin<l«IMfmm,« ti.li eipedilkn. fls: lii.
430, +87; his dcSnilton of an cralor.
Clcero-i verseBnoIiced, S; hii r^atd tai the Cicerus, 09; m ea lUItalned of, 418, 43B; a great orator, 419; his nfhtot Julio, eonlempoiary orator.. 433.
rs's.; 'wn"e. ftom Brl' Catulus.O. 71, 134.467; tali Jest OB Pblrs; his gwdwUl Ipwar 1 Cicero, azj lippus, 396; hi. death, 334: lemuks qoeoce, 4)T j 'added il Iho' varioos Cnloi, on offlnt of a.Ci'c ignoranlly slalwl. 2S8; argumenta to bcdra-oWn.MBi,h=|».n..of to be pleaded, 309, 311; mode of conduct- Ciiui, B common prKnIini ing, 4B1.
Csvillatio, mean Ins of the word. 2B3, «.
C»1ijnl., tli* GiMk scuinlD