Between love and religion, God and nature have wrought a strong and indissoluble bond. Flagellations, fasts, exposure, excessive penances of many kinds, the Hindoo cultus of quietude, and mental absorption in vacuity and even one pedagogic motive of a cultus of the spiritual and supernatural, e. g. in the symposium of Plato, are all designed as palliatives and alteratives of degraded love. Change of heart before pubescent years, there are several scientific reasons for thinking, means precocity and forcing. The age signalized by the ancient Greeks as that at which the study of what was com- prehensively called music should begin, the age at which MORAL AND RELIGIOUS TRAINING Roman guardianship ended, as explained by Sir Henry- Maine, at which boys are confirmed in the modern Greek, Catholic, Lutheran and Episcopal churches, and at which the child Jesus entered the temple, is as early as any child ought consciously to go about his heavenly Father 's business. If children are instructed in the language of these sentiments too early, the all-sided deepening and broadening of soul and of conscience which should come with adolescent years will be incomplete. Revival ser- mons which the writer has heard preached to very young children are analogous to exhorting them to imagine themselves married people and inculcating the duties of that relation. It is because this precept is violated in the intemperate haste for immediate results that we may so often hear childish sentiments and puerile expressions so strangely mingled in the religious experience of otherwise apparently mature adults, which remind one of a male voice constantly modulating from manly tones into boyish falsetto. Some one has said of very early risers that they were apt to be conceited all the forenoon, and stupid and uninteresting all the afternoon and evening. So, too, precocious infant Christians are apt to be conceited and full of pious affectations all the forenoon of life, and thereafter commonplace enough in their religious life. One is reminded of Aristotle's theory of Catharsis, ac- cording to which the soul was purged of strong or bad passions by listening to vivid representations of them on the stage. So, by the forcing method we deprecate, the soul is given just enough religious stimulus to act as an inoculation against deeper and more serious interest later. At this age the prescription of a series of strong feelings is very apt to cause attention to concentrate on physical states in a way which may culminate in the in- creased activity of the passional nature, or may induce YOUTH: ITS EDUCATION, REGIMEN, AND HYGIENE that sort of self-flirtation which is expressed in morbid love of autobiographic confessional outpourings, or may issue in the supreme selfishness of incipient and often unsuspected hysteria. Those who are led to Christ nor- mally by obeying conscience are not apt to endanger the foundation of their moral character if they should later chance to doubt the doctrine of verbal inspiration or some of the miracles, or even get confused about the Trinity, because their religious nature is not built on the sand. The art of leading young men through college without ennobling or enlarging any of the religious notions of childhood is anti-pedagogic and unworthy philosophy, and is to leave men puerile in the highest de- partment of their nature.
At the age we have indicated, when the young man instinctively takes the control of himself into his own hands, previous ethico-religious training should be brought to a focus and given a personal application, which, to be most effective, should probably, in most cases, be according to the creed of the parent. It is a serious and solemn epoch, and ought to be fittingly sig- nalized. Morality now needs religion, which cannot have affected life much before. Now duties should be recog- nized as divine commands, for the strongest motives, natural and supernatural, are needed for the regulation of the new impulses, passions, desires, half-insights, am- bitions, etc., which come to the American temperament so suddenly before the methods of self-regulation can become established and operative. Now a deep personal sense of purity and impurity are first possible, and indeed inevitable, and this natural moral tension is a great op- portunity to the religious teacher. A serious sense of God within, and of responsibilities which transcend this life as they do the adolescent's power of comprehension; MORAL AND RELIGIOUS TRAINING a feeling for duties deepened by a realization and ex- perience of tlieir conflict such as some have thought to be the origin of religion itself in the soul — these, too, are elements of the ' ' theology of the heart ' ' revealed at this age to every serious youth, but to the judicious em- phasis and utilization of which, the teacher should lend his consummate skill. While special lines of interest leading to a career must be now well grounded, there must also be a culture of the ideal and an absorption in general views and remote and universal ends. If all that is pure and disciplining in what is transcendent, whether to the Christian believers, the poet or the philosopher, had even been devised only for the better regulation of human energies set free at this age, but not yet fully defined or realized, they would still have a most potent justification on this ground alone. At any rate, what is often wasted in excess here, if husbanded, ripens into philosophy, the larger love to the world, the true and the good, in a sense not unlike that in the symposium of Plato.
Finally, there is danger lest this change, as prescribed and formulated by the church, be too sudden and violent, and the capital of moral force which should last a life- time be consumed in a brief, convulsive effort, like the sudden running down of a watch if its spring be broken. Piety is naturally the slowest because the most compre- hensive kind of growth. Quetelet says that the meas- ure of the state of civilization in a nation is the way in which it achieves its revolutions. As it becomes truly civilized, revolutions cease to be sudden and violent, and become gradually transitory and without abrupt change. The same is true of that individual crisis which psycho- physiology describes as adolescence, and of which theolo- gy formulates a higher spiritual potency as conversion.
YOUTH: ITS EDUCATION, REGIMEN, AND HYGIENE The adolescent period lasts ten years or more, during all of which development of every sort is very rapid and constant, and it is, as already remarked, intemperate haste for immediate results, of reaping without sowing, which has made so many regard change of heart as an instantaneous conquest rather than as a growth, and persistently to forget that there is something of impor- tance before and after it in healthful religious experience.
GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Agamic. Unmarried; unmarriageable; sometimes non-sexed.
Agenic. Lacking in reproductive power; sterile.
Amphimixis. That form of reproduction which involves the mingling of substance from two individuals so as to effect a mixture of hereditary characteristics. It includes the phenomena of conjugation and fertilization among both unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Anabolism. See Metabolism.
Anamnesic. Pertaining to or aiding recollection.
Anemic. Deficient in blood; bloodless.
Anthropomorphism. The attributing of human characteristics to natural, supernatural, or divine beings.
Anthropometry. Science of measurement of the human body.
Artifact. Any artificial product.
Aphasia. Impairment or loss of the ability to understand or use speech.
Associationism. The psychological theory which regards the laws of association as the fundamental laws of mental action and development.
Atavistic. Pertaining to reversion through the influence of heredity to remote ancestral characteristics.
Ataxic. Pertaining to inability to coordinate voluntary move- ments; irregular.
Calamo-pap3n-us. Reed papyrus or pen-paper.
Catabolism. See Metabolism.
Catharsis. Purgation or cleansing. Aristotle's esthetic theory that a little renders immune for much.
Cerebration. Brain action, conscious or unconscious.
Chorea. St. Vitus's dance; a nervous disease marked by irregular and involuntary movements of the limbs and face.
Chrestomathy. A collection of extracts and choice pieces.
GLOSSARY Christenthum. The Christian behef; the spirit of Christianity.
Commando exercises. Gymnastic exercises whose order is de- pendent upon the spoken command of the director.
Cortex. The gray matter of the brain, mostly on its surface.
Cortical. Pertaining to the cortex.
Craniometry. The measurement of skulls.
Cryptogamous. Having an obscure mode of fertilization; or, of plants that do not blossom.
Cultus. A system of religious belief and worship.
Deutschenthum. The spirit of the German people.
Diathesis. A constitutional predisposition.
Ephebic. Pertaining to the Greek system of instruction given to young men to fit them for citizenship; adolescent.
Epigoni. Successors; followers who only follow.
Epistemology. The theory of knowledge; that branch of logic which undertakes to explain how knowledge is possible and to define its limitations, meaning, and worth.
Eupeptic. Having good digestion.
Euphoria. The sense of well-being; of fullness of life.
Eviration. Emasculation; loss of manly characteristics.
Feral. Wild by nature; untamed; undomesticated.
Formicary. An artificial ants' nest.
Gemiith. Disposition; the entire affective soul and its habitual state.
Hebetude. Dulness; stupidity.
Hedonistic. Relating to hedonism, that form of Greek phil- osophy which taught that pleasure is the chief end of existence.
Hetaera. A Greek courtesan. This class was often highly trained in music and social arts and represented the highest grade of culture among Greek women.
Heterogeny. (1) The spontaneous generation of animals and vegetables, low in the scale of organization, from inorganic elements. (2) That kind of generation in which the parent, whether plant or animal, produces offspring differing in structure or habit from itself, but in w^hich after one or more generations the original form reappears.
Heteronomous. Having a different name.
Horology. The science of measuring time and of constructing instruments for that purpose.
Hygeia. The Greek goddess of health; health.
GLOSSARY Hypermethodic. Methodic to excess; overmethodic.
Hypertrophy. Excessive growth.
Indiscerptible. Incapable of being destroyed by separation of parts.
Inhibition. Interference with the normal result of a nervous excitement by an opposing force.
Irradiation. The diffusion of nervous stimuli out of the path of normal discharge which, as a result of the excitation of a peripheral end organ, may excite other central organs than those directly connected with it.
Kinesological. Pertaining to the science of tests and measure- ments of bodily strength.
Klinesometer. An instrument for measuri^ muscular strength.
Medullation. The investment of nerve fibers with a protective covering or medullary sheath, consisting of white, fat-like matter.
Meristic. Pertaining to the levels or spinal and cerebral seg- ments of the body.
Metabolism. The act or process by which, on the one hand, dead food is built up into living matter — anabolism, and by which, on the other, the living matter is broken down into simpler products within a cell or organism — catabolism.
Metamorphosis. Change of form or structure; transformation.
Metempsychosis. The doctrine of the transmigration of the soul from one body to another.
Monophrastic. Pertaining to or consisting of a single phrase.
Monotechnic. Pertaining to a single art or craft.
Morphology. The science of form and structure of plants and animals without regard to function.
Myology. The scientific knowledge of the muscular system.
Mythopceic. Producing or having a tendency to produce myths.
Noetic. Of, pertaining to, or conceived by, mind.
Nuance. Slight shade; difference; distinction; degree.
Orthogenic. Pertaining to right beginning and development.
Orthopedic. Relating to the art of curing deformities.
Ossuary. A depository of dry bones.
Paleopsychic. Pertaining to the antiquity of the soul.
Pantheistic. Relating to that doctrine which holds that the e-ntire phenomenal universe, including man and nature, is the ever-changing manifestation of God, who rises to self- consciousness and personality only in man.
GLOSSARY Patristics. That department of study occupied with the doc- trines and writings of the fathers of the Christian Church.
Phobia. Excessive or morbid fear of anything.
Phyletically. In accordance with the phylum or race; racially.
Phyletic. Pertaining to a race or clan.
Phylogeny. The history of the evolution of a species or group; tribal history; ancestral development as opposed to ontogeny or the development of the individual.
Phylum. A term introduced by Haeckel to designate the great branches of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Each phy- lum may include several classes.
Pickelhaube. The spiked helmet of the German army.
Plankton. Sea animals and plants collectively; distinguished from coast or bottom forms and floating in a great mass.
Polygamic (love). Pertaining to the habit of having more than one mate of the opposite sex.
Polyphrastic. Having many phrases; pertaining to rambling, incoherent speech.
Post-simian. Pertaining to an age later than that in which simian or monkey-like forms prevailed.
Prenubile. Pertaining to the age before sexual maturity or marriageability is reached.
Prie dieu. A praying desk.
Propedeutic. Preliminary; introductory.
Prophylactic. Any medicine or measure efficacious in prevent- ing disease.
Pseudophobiac. Pertaining to a morbid condition in which the subject is continually in fear of having said something not strictly true.
Psychogenesis. The origin and development of soul.
Psychonomic. Pertaining to the laws of mind.
Psychosis. Mental constitution or condition; any change in con- sciousness, especially if abnormal.
Puberty. The age of sexual maturity.
Pubescent. Relating to the dawning of puberty.
Pygmoid. Of pygmy size and form.
Rabulist. A chronic wrangler; one who argues about every- thing.
Schema. A synopsis; a summary. In the Kantian sense, a general type.
GLOSSARY Schematism. An outline of any systematic arrangement; an outline.
SuperfcBtation. A second conception some time after a prior one, by which two foetuses of different age exist together in the same female. Often used figuratively.
Temibility. (From Italian temihile, to be feared.) The principle of adjustment of penalty to crime in just that degree nece&. sary to prevent a repetition of the criminal act.
Tic. A nervous affection of the muscles; a twitching.
Transcendental. In the Kantian system having an a priori character, transcending experience, presupposed in and necessary to experience.
Traumata. Wounds.
Traumatism. A wound; any morbid condition produced by wounds or other external violence.
Verbigeration. The continual utterance of certain words or phrases at short intervals, without reference to their mean- ing, as seen in insane Gedankenfiucht or rapid flight of thought.
INDEX Abstract words, need of, 248.
Accessory and fundamental movements, 9. - Accuracy, of memory, 270, 273.
Activity of children, motor, Adolescence, biography and lit- erature of, 141-206. characterized, 6, 236-238.
Alternations of physical and psychic states, 47, 81, 91, Altruism of country children, ^ of woman, outlet for, 290.
Amphimixis, psychic, basis of, Anthropometry and ideal of gym- nastics, 61-63.
Arboreal life and the hand, 11.
Arts and crafts movement, 42- Associations devised or guided Astronomy, 316.
Athletic festivals in Greece, 75, Athletics as a conversation topic, dangers and defects of, 111. records in, 68, 69. Attention, fostered by commando exercises, 57. rhythm in, 47. spontaneous, 47. Authority and adolescence, 234, Autobiographies of boyhood, Automatisms, motor, causes and control and serialization of, danger of premature control desirable, 16-18.
Bachelor women, 290, 304-306.
Basal muscles, development of, Basal powers, development of, Beauty, age of feminine, 289.
Belief, habit and muscle deter- Bible, the, influence of, in adoles- cence, 216.
INDEX Bible, the, methods of teaching, study of, for girls, 218, 314, study of, in German method of will training, 329. study of, order in, 358. study of, postponed, 355. study of, preparation for, 358. Biography and adolescence, 141- Blood vessels, expansion at puberty, 236. , Blushing, characteristic of puber- Body training, Greek, 75, 76. Botany, 316. Boxing, 95. Boys, age of little affection in, ^ dangers of coeducation for, . differences between, and girls, latitude in conduct and studies of, before puberty, 235, puberty in, characteristics of, Brain action, unity in, 19, 20.
Cakewalk, 103.
Castration, functional in women, Catharsis, Aristotle's theory of, Character and muscles, 7-9, Children, faults and crimes of, motor activity of, 14-22. motor defects of, 21, 22. selfishness of, 235. Chivalry, medieval, 141. Christianity, muscular, 55. Chums and cronies, 222, 223. ^' Church, femininity in the, 104, City children vs. country chil- Civilized men, savages physically superior to, 28. • CHmbing, hill, 108.
muscles, age for exercise of, Coeducation, dangers in, 286- College, coeducation in, 284- English requirements of, 264, woman's ideal school and, Combat, personal, as exercise, Commando exercises, 57. restricted for girls, 311. Concentration, 117. Concreteness in modern language study, criticized, 248-252. Conduct, mechanized, 336, 337. of Italian schoolboys tabu- weather and, 123, 124. Confessionalism, of young wom- passional inducement to, 363. Conflict, see Combat.
INDEX INDEX Control, nervous, through danc- of brute instincts, 94. of children's movements, 18- Conversation, atretics in, 110. degeneration in, causes of, Conversion, 365, 366. Coordination loosened at adoles- cence, 22. inherited tendencies of mus- cular, 80. Corporal punishment, 338-341. Country children vs. city chil- causes of, 134. education and, 135. reading and, 137. Cruelty, a juvenile fault, 93, 120, Culture heroes, 317, 329.
Deadly sins, the seven, vs. mod- ern juvenile faults, 123.
Debate and will-training, 342, Doll curve, 82.
Domesticity, 319.
Dramatic instinct of puberty, Drawing, curve of stages of, 48- Education, intellectual, 234-276, manual, 35-52. moral and religious, 324-366.
physical, 53-72. Effort, as a developing force, 47, Emotions, dancing com^pletest language of the, 90. religion directed to, 216. Endurance, 347-350. Energy and laziness, 91, 92. English, language and literature, pedagogy of, 238-265. pedagogic degeneration in, requirements of college, 264, sense language, dangers of, Erect position and true life, 10. Ethics, study of, criticized, 140. Ethical judgments of children, Euphoria and exercise, 65. Evolution, movement as a meas- ure of, 10. Exercise, health and. 28. measurements and, 61, 62. music and, 57. nascent periods and, 81. rhythm and, 57.
Farm work, 31-34. Fatigue, at puberty, 236.
chorea and, 9.
not a cause for punishment, INDEX Fatigue, play and, 114, 115. restlessness expressive of, 16. result of labor with defective psychic impulsion, 116. rhythm of activity and, 91, 92. will-culture and, 117. Faults of children, 120-126. Favorite sounds and words, 252- Fecundity of college women, Femininity in the church, 104. in the school and college, 287, Feminists, 293, 294. Fighting, 93. Flogging, 338-341. Foreign languages, dangers of, France, religious training in, 329, Friendships of adolescence, 209, Fundamental and accessory, 9, Future life, as a school teaching, groups, 100. Panhellenic, 69, 75. Gangs, organized juvenile, 131. Genius, early development of, Germany, will-training in, 328, Girl graduates, aversion to mar- fecundity of. 280. sterility of, 280, 304.
Girls, and boys, differences becoeducation for, dangers of, education of, 277-323.
education of, humanistic, 293- education of, manners in, 312.
education of, more difficult than of boys, 283.
education of, nature in, 315- education of, regularity in, education of, religion in, 314, ideal school and curriculum overdrawing their energy, 305.
Greece, athletic festivals in, 75. Greek body training, 76. Group games, 100, 101. Growth, at puberty, 236-238.
gymnastics and its effect oh, of muscle structure and func- tion, measure of, 9.
periods, 81.
rhythmic, 81. Gymnastics, effect on growth, ideal of, and anthropometry, ideals, its four unharmonized, military ideals and, 56.
nascent periods and, 81.
patriotism and, 55.
INDEX Gymnastics, proportion and measurement for, criti- cized, 62.
Habits and muscle, 8, 117.
Hand and arboreal life, 10.
Health, exercise and, 28.
Heredity, a factor in develop- High School, the, coeducation in, language study and, 240-257.
Hill-cHmbing, 108.
Historic interest, growth of, 266- Home, restraint of, detrimental, Honor, among hoodlums, 133.
Hysteria, 364.
Imagination, at puberty, 236.
of children, 127.
play and, 118. Individuality, growth of, at puberty, 237. Industrial education, 29-34. Industry and movement, 24. Inhibition, 18. Intellect, adolescence in, 236, Knightly ideas of youth, 141. Knowing and doing, 77, 343.
Langijage, concreteness in, de- generation through, 248- Language, dangers of, through eye and hand, 246-248. precision curve of, 254. vs. literature, 244-246. Latin, danger of, 241-244. Laughter, 114. Laziness and energy, 91, 92.
Literary men, youth of, 148-155, women, youth of, 158-175. Literature and adolescence, language vs., 244-246.
Machinery and movement, 24. Mammae, loss of function of, 305. Manners, 22.
in girls' education, 312. Manual training, 35-52.
defects and criticisms of, 38, difficulties of, 36. Marriage, dangers in delay of, influenced by coeducation.
influenced by college training, Mastery in art-craft, equipment Maternity, dangers of deferred, Measurements and exercise, 61. Memory, accuracy, age, and sex curve of types of, 271. Military drill, 101,102.
ideals and gymnastics, 56. Mind and motility, 7. Money sense, 219, 220.
INDEX Monthly period and Sabbath, Motherhood, training for, 309, Motor, activity, primitive, 25.
automatisms, 14.
defects of children, 21.
defects, general, 27.
economies, 59.
powers, general growth of, 10- precocity, 13.
psychoses, muscles and, 7.
regularity, 88. Movement and industry, 24. Movements, passive, 107.
precocity of, 12, 22, Muscle tension and thought, 12. Muscles, per cent by weight of body, 7.
character and, 7-9, 343.
motor psychoses and, 7.
small, and thought, 12.
Muscular Christianity, 55. Music and exercise, 57. Myths, study of, 318.
Nascent periods and exercises, Nature in girls' education, 315- Panhellenic games, 69, 75. Passive movements, 107. Patriotism and gymnastics, 56. Peace, man's normal state, 34. Periodicity in growth, 81.
Philology, dangers of, 244-246. Plasticity of growth at puberty, course of study, 113. imagination and, 118. prehistoric activity and, 73- stages and ages of, 79-86. Plays and games, codification of, Precocity, motor, 12, 22.
in the motor sphere, 81. Predatory organizations, 131- Primitive rtiotor activity, 25, 26. Punishments, 337-342.
in school, causes of, 122.
Reading age, 258-265. crime and, 137. curve, 254. Reason, development of, 268. Recapitulation and motor hered- Records in athletics, 68, 69. Regularity in education of girls, Religious training, age for, 364- premature, 362-364. two methods of, 330, 331. Retardation as a means of broad- ening, 314. Revivalists, 315. Rhythm, exercise and, 57- INDEX Rhythm, in primitive activities, of work and rest, 88.
Savages physically superior to civilized men, 28. School, language study in, 238- need of enthusiasm in, 208.
punishments in, causes of, 122.
Scientific men, youth of, 156- Sedentary life, 24. Selfishness of children, 235.
sports and, 102-104. Slang curve, 254.
Sleep, in education of girls, 310. Sloyd, origin, aims, criticism of, Social activities, 131.
organizations of youth, 131- Solitude, 222.
Sounds, favorite, and words, 252. Sports, values of different, 93-99.
codification of, 111.
sexual influence in, 102-104.
Spurtiness, 13. Sterility of girl graduates, 280, Story-telling, interest in, 258. Struggle-for-lifeurs, 33. Students' associations, 227. Stuttering and stammering, 21. Swedish gymnastics, 53-55, 57, Swimming, 105-107.
Talent, early development of, Teachers, aversions to, 211. Team spirit, 100. Technical courses, need of, 52. Telegraphic skill. 45. Temibility, 138. Thought and muscle tension, 8, Transitory nature of youthful experiences, 144. Tree life and erect postur*;, 10. Truancy, 124-126. Truth-telling. 129. Turner movement, 53.
Unmarried women, dangers to, Vagabondage, 125.
Vagrancy, 125.
Virility in the Church, 104.
Weather and conduct, 123, 124.
training, 327-351. Womanly, the eternal, 306, 322. Women, bachelors, 290, 304-306.
dangers to, in not marrying, education of, ideal, 309-321.
young, confessionalism of, Work at its best, play, 119.
play and, 114.
rest and, rhythm of, 88. Wrestling, 98, 99.
Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, 55.
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