SigPhi · Gregory I

Moralia in Job (Morals on the Book of Job), Vol. III

English

Page 30 of 32

Ver. 3*2. Dost thou bring forth the morning star at its time, and dost thou make the evening star to lise over ihe sons of earth? xxxiii. 75. For the Father brought forth the morning star in his Gai.4,4. season, because, as it is written; When ihe fulness of the time was come, God sent His Son born of a woman, made under ihe Law, to redeem them that are under the Law. Who being born of a Virgin, appeared as the morning star, amid the darkness of our night, because, having put to flight the obscurity of sin, He announced to us the eternal morn. But He made Himself known as the morning star, because He arose in the morn from death, and overcame, by the brightness of His light, the hideous darkness of our Itev.22,i^oi*tality. Who^ is well called by John; The bright and / n f "corning star. For, appearing alive after death. He became Mss. our morning star; because while He furnished us in His ^"'" own person an instance of resurrection. He pointed out what light comes after. But the Lord makes the evening star to rise over the sons of earth, because He permits Antichrist to hold sway over the unbelieving hearts of the Jews, as their desert demands. And they are therefore justly subjected byi the Lord to this evening star, because they chose of their!

own accord to be the sons of earth. For by seeking after earthly, and not heavenly things, they were so blinded as not to behold the brightness of our morning star; and while they seek for the evening star to rule over them, they are John.5, plunged in the eternal night of subsequent damnation. Hence the Lord says in the Gospel, / came in My Fathers name, Preachers, 3Iorning Stdr to soifie, Ereninij to others. 307 and ye received Me not; another v:ill come in his own name, hook and him ye will receive. Hence Paul says; Because they ^^V^' receive not the love of the truth, that they mvjht he *«^^<^j2Thess for this cause God shall send them the operation of error y'^^^-^'^-that they should believe a lie, that they all might be judged who belitved not the truth, but consented to iniquity. The evening star therefore would never rise over them, if they had wished to be the sons of heaven. But while they seek after visible things, having lost the light of the heart, they are in darkness under the prince of night.

76. But if we examine this in a moral sense, we find how Mor. it is daily occurring; because both the morning star doubtless rises on the Elect, and the evening star, by God's permission, rules over the reprobate. For there is one and the same word of God in the mouth of the preacher. But while these hear it with joy, and those with envy, they change for themselves the brightness of the morning star into the darkness of the evening. Whilst these humbly receive the voice of holy preaching, they open, as it were, tlie eyes of the heart to the light of the star. But whilst those feel envy at one who advises them well, and seek not the cause of their salvation, but the glory of boasting, when the evening of their iniquity bursts forth, they close their eyes in the sleep of death. By a secret sentence, therefore, he who is the morning star to elect, is the evening star to reprobate hearers. Because by that holy exhortation, with which the good come back to life, the reprobate perish more fatally in sin. Whence it is well said by Paul; We are u?ito2CoT.2, God a sweet savour of Christ, in them that are saved, and^^' in them that perish, to the one the savour of death unto death, but to the other the savour of life unto life. He saw then that his word, by which he beheld some roused from their iniquity, and others on the contrary lulled to sleep in their iniquity, was both the morning and the evening star to its hearers. And because this takes place by the secret judgment of God, which cannot be comprehended by men in this life, he rightly there subjoined; And who is sufficient for these things? As if he were saying; We are sufficient indeed to consider that these things occur, but we are not sufficient to investigate why they occur. Whence also, the Lord in this place, because He had said that the morning star is broup^ht fordi for some, but that the evening star rises 358 Course of God's Judffmcnis hidden from our eyes. Job 38, for otliovs, tliat man mij^lit nol dare to scan tlie secret judg MOR.

— -^^— ments of God, innnediately subjoins Vcr. 33. Knowest thou the course of heaven, and wilt thou set down the reason thereof on the earth? xxxiii. 77. To know the course of heaven, is to see the secret predestinations of the heavenly disposals. But to set down the reason thereof on the earth is to lay open before tlie hearts of men the causes of such secrets. To set down, namely, the reason of heaven on the earth, is either to examine the mysteries of the heavenly judgments, by consideration, or to make them manifest in words. Which certainly no one can do who is placed in this life. For, to pass from little to greater things, who can understand what is the secret reason, that a just man frequently returns from a trial, not only unavenged, but even punished besides, and that his wicked adversary escapes, not only without punishment, but even victorious? Who can understand why one man, who plots for the deaths of his neighbours, survives, and another, who would be likely to preserve the lives of many, dies? One man, who is only eager to do hurt, attains the height of power, another only desires to defend the injured, and yet he himself is lying under oppression. One man wishes for leisure, and is involved in innumerable occupations, another wishes to be engaged in employments, and is compelled to be disengaged. One beginning badly is drawn on from worse to worse, even to the end of his life; another beginning well, proceeds through a long period of time to the increase of his merits. But, on the other hand, one, who is an evil liver, is spared for a long time, in order that he may improve; but another seems to be living properly, but continues in this life till he breaks out into evil ways. One, who has been born in the eiTor of unbelief, perishes in his error; another, who has been born in the soundness of the Catholic faith, is perfected in the soundness of the Catholic faith. But, on the other hand, one, who has come forth from the womb of a Catholic Mother, is swallowed up, at the close of his life, in the gulph of eiTor, but another terminates his life in Catholic piety, who, born in misbelief, had sucked in the poison of error with his mother's milk. One both wishes, and is able, to aim at the loftiness of holy living; another is neither willing nor able. One wishes, and is not able; another is able, and is not willing. Who then Cases etiumeralcd. Practical inference. 359 can examine into these secrets of the heavenly juclguients? Book Who can understand the secret balance of hidden equity??-^~-* For no one attains to understand these recesses of secret judgments. Let this be said then to a man, that he may learn his own ignorance; let him know his own ignorance, that he may fear; let him fear, that he may be humbled; let him be humbled, that he may not trust in himself; let him trust not in himself, that he may seek for the assistance of his Creator, and that he who is dead from trusting in himself, may seek the assistance of his Maker, and live. Let the righteous man, then, who knows himself indeed, but who still knows not those things which are above him, hear the words, Knowest thou the course of heaven, and wilt thou set down the reason thereof upon the earth? That is, Dost thou comprehend the secret courses of the heavenly judgments, or art thou able to disclose them to the ears of men? Blessed Job therefore is questioned concerning his investigation of the incomprehensible judgments, as if it were plainly said to him. All things which thou sulferest, thou oughtest to endure the more patiently, the more, in thy ignorance of heavenly secrets, thou knowest not why thou suff'erest them.

St. (treofory speaks here of our Lord as IMan, and therefore naturally mentions only the Procession from The Father. Elsewhere he uses the same lancruasre with the later Latin Church very distinctly, thoug^h there is nothing to shew that he does it in any sense which the more candid Greeks would not allow. We have had already in INIor. i. §. 30. p. 48. the expression, " He bestowed, the Holy Spirit, Which proceeds from Himself, upon the hearts of His disciples;" and in Mor. xxvii. §. 34. p. 224, an implication to the same effect. In Dial. ii. near the end. Ben. p. 275. Lat. 27G, we have, " Whereas it is acknowledged that the Paraclete Spirit ever proceeds from the Father and the Son, why saith the Son, that He will depart, that He may come \A^ho never departs from the Son?" which stands at present in the Greek, " ever proceeds from the Father, and abides in the Son." John Diaconus accuses the Greeks of having falsified Pope Zachary's version. See also p. 375 of this volume. Horn, in Ev. xxvi, p. 1554. B. he has, "Although ' to be sent' may also be understood after the nature of the Godhead. For thereby is the Son said to be sent by the Father, in that He is begotten (geueratur) of the Father. For the Holy Spirit also. Who being coequal with the Father and the Son, yet was not Incarnate, the same Son dedareth Himself to send, saying: fPlien the Comforter is comCy fVhotu I ivill send unto you from the Father. (John 15, 26.) For if to be sent must be understood merely to be Incarnate, the Holy Spirit doubtless would by no means be said to be sent, who was not at all Incarnate. But His ' being sent' is the very Procession whereby He proceeds from the Father and the Son. As (herefor*' n(>o \oic.

the Spirit is 8ai<l to bo h«;iiL because lie pro<ee<lM; to alsu is the.Son not unfidy s;ii(l to be scut l)ecuuse He i.s beg-otten." • Which is quoted hy 'riieoibilfiis, iti tlie 8tli cejitury, uinl could not Iiuve l)een interpolated Ijy simjdy Juhling- of * And the S(jn,' as the cont(.'xt requires tlio-'e words, 1st. Augustine uses sometimes rather tlie (ireek, S(jmetimes rather th«! Latin way of speakinc?; the two, fairly underst jod, not being contradictory. See Enchiridion, §..'J Tr. p. 90. (where the reading is doubtful) and note g.

Tertullian, against Praxeas, c. iv. has, * 1 consi'ler the Spirit not to he other- wlience than from the Father, hy the Scm:' and c. viii. ' The '^[)irit is Third from God and (qu. ' of,' cv for, el.^) the Son, as the fruit is of (ex) the tree, third from the root, and the stream, of (ex) the river, third I'rom the Fountain, and the point, of (ex) the ray, third from the sun.' Similarly St. Athanasius explains Ps. 36, 9. In 'J hy Lhjh*. shall tve see LigJity because * the Son in the Father, is the Fountain of the Spirit.' De Inc. et contr. Ar. §. 9. Ben. p 877- St. Hilary De Trin. viii. 20. allows liberty of language as to whether the Spirit is of the Father or the Son, but says that His very Procession from the Father is * receiving that which is the Son's,' by which he seems to mean, participation of that essence which is already the Son's. This doctrine is what the Greeks would allow, but one which seems also to bear out the Latin form of expression, and to be in fact what is commonly meant by those who make use of it. Thus Petavius De Trin. vii. 3. §. 8, on a passage of St. Cyr. Al. Thes. c. 34. t. V. p. 345. " When therefore the Holy Ghost, become within us, makes us conformed to God, and proceeds from the Father and the Son; it is plain that It is of the Divine Essence (or Substance), Essentially (or substantially) in It and from It proceeding. As in fact is the breath that flows forth from the mouth of man, to use a poor illustration." " This Procession of the Holy Spirit," says Petavius, '• can be supposed no other than that Essential, in which He is said to proceed from the Father and the Son, i» Ilar^oj xa) T/ow, as he presently explains it, ' Essentially from It proceeding,' making it the same to proceed from the Father and the Son, as to proceed from the Essence of the Father and the Son.'' He cites other passages of St. Cyril. St. Leo seems to imply the same doctrine, Ser. 2 de Pentec. where, in explaining John xvi. 13, he says, " What the Spirit receives, the Father giving, the Son gives."

The doctrine of St. Basil was a subject of dispute in the Council of Florence, the question turning much on the reading of a pas.'sage in book 3, against Eunomius, §. 1, in which according to some copies the Spirit is said to ' have His Being of the Son.' The Benedictines argue that this must have been his meaning, at any rate, from the argument at the end of book 2, against Eunomius ascribing the Spirit to the Sou only^ as His creature, whereas He is truly the Spirit of the Father and the Son. He also in other places speaks of the Holy Spirit as related to the Son as the Son is to the Father; not, of course, strictly. De Sp. S. §. 43, t. iii. p. 36.

That the Holy Spirit is the Spirit of the Son, as well as of the Father, is acknowledged by all, and hence it is very natural that many should never have written so distinctly on the point as to say whether He is of the Son in the sense of from the Son, St. Epiphanius, however, Ancorat. 67, has, But if Christ is believed to be of the Father, God of God, and the Spirit of (l«) Christ, or from (ira^a) Both; as Christ says, Which proceedeth from the Father, and He shaU take of Mine." And Hcer. Ixxiv. 7- " And the Holy Spirit is from (raga) Both, Spirit from (Ik) Spirit.'" St. Greg. Nyss. end of B. 1, against Eunorn. says, that the Son is " viewed as prior to the Spirit in order of causation," Avhich comes to the same point. See Petavius 1. c, Leo Allat. Gr. Orthod., Forbes Inst. Hist. Theol. vi. Pearson on the Creed, Art. viii, adds further testimony! to the T/atin doctrine.

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PUBLICATION OF THE ORIGINAL TEXTS.

The plan of publishing some at the least of the originals of the Fathers, whose works were translated in the " Library," has been steadily kept in view from the first, and Collations have now been obtained, at considerable expense, at Rome, Paris, Munich, Vienna, Florence, V^enice, and the Editors have materials for the principal works of S. Chrysostora, for S. Cyril of Jerusalem, S. Macarius, Tertullian, and S. Augustine's Homilies on the Psalms. Collations are also being made for S. Gregory of Nyssa.

Of these, they have begun with S. Ciirysostom on St. Paul, the Rev. F. Field, M.A. Trin. Coll. Cambridge, having united with them in this great task. He has already edited the Homilies on the 2d Ep, to the Cor., is now carrying through the press those on the 1 st Ep. (some of the materials for which arrived at a later period,) and then intends to proceed to the Homilies on the Ep. to the Rom.

All the best MSS. known in Europe have been collated for this edition, ind the text has been considerably improved, as that of the Homilies on 3. Matthew had already been by the same Editor *. There is then every Drcspect that the English Edition of S. Chrysostom will be again the best jxtant.

I AH the extant European MSS. have likewise been collated for S. Cyril »f Jerusalem and Tertullian, Of these S. Cyril is nearly ready "or the press.

The publication of Tertullian has been delayed, because it was discovered hat the result of the collations would be to make the text more genuine, yet nore difficult than before. M. Heyse, who was collating for the Editors it Rome, being requested to search for the MS. or MSS. which F. Ursinus dleged that he had used, discovered the original papers of Ursinus, in vhich it appeared that the readings which Rigaltius adopted from him, vere in fact only ingenious conjectures by L^rsinus himself, which he gave 'Ut as collations of MSS. The Editor of the treatises of Tertullian already ranslated, being thus thrown back upon the older text, found reason to think hat in those cases the readings, which Ursinus had corrected, although t first sight obscurer, were (he believes with one exception) the more genuine.

With regard to S. Augustine, there seemed reason to think that there.as very little or nothing left to be done for the improvement of the text fter the admirable labours of the Benedictines. Some collations which he Editors obtained, through their laborious Collator, from very ancient ■ISS. of his Epistles at Monte-Cassino, confirmed this impression. And his is again renewed by some Collations on the Psalms, which the same Icholar has made for them from a very ancient Codex rescriptus in the • Mr. Field's edition of ihe Homilies on S. Matthew is supplied to Subscribers to the ibrary at the same reduced rate as the other volumes. [Pubiisher.]

'I Vatican. Still, besides the improvement of the text of any Father if possible, the lulitors had the distinct object of making' single yaluab o works accessible to Clergy who could not afford to purchase his whole works. They, therefore, propose to publish S. Augustine s llomiUes on the Psalms, since they are not only a deep and valuable Commentary on a portion of Holy Scripture, which forms so large a part of our publ.c aevotmns but contain, perhaps, more of his practical theology and hints as to the inward spiritual life, than most of his works ^^'^' S^^^^^^i^'. Vatican MS, Collations are being made of some of the Bodleian MSS,^^ hicl have not been used, since even an occasional improvement of the collocation or still more occasional of the text itself, is not without interest in a worl of such exceeding value.

Laro-e Collations had been made for S. Macarius, and it seemed almos ready for publication, when their indefatigable Collator M. Heyse, disco vered in the Vatican an entirely different recension. I" accordance wit^ the rules of the Vatican, access was, upon this, denied them to all MS.

whatever of S. Macarius, and the edition has consequently been, tor th time, suspended.

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The Rev. JOHN KEBLE, M.A.

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The Rev. C. MARRIOTT, M.A.

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A Publication, answering to the above title, appeared to the Editors Jculated to answer many and important ends, and to supply considerable ants, some peculiar to our own Church and times, others more general.

Their chief grounds for thinking it very desirable were such as the folwing: — 1. The great intrinsic value of many of the works of the Fathers, which 'e, at present, inaccessible, except to such as have large libraries, and are '.miliar with the languages in which they are written; and this the more, nee a mere general acquaintance with the language will not enable a jrson to read with ease many of the Fathers. E. g. Knowledge of atin alone will not suffice to read TertuUian: and in cases less strong, clesiastical language and peculiarity of style will often present consider-)le difficulties at first.

2. The desirableness of bringing together select works of different athers. Many who would wish to become acquainted with the Fathers, low not where to begin; and scarcely any have the means to procure any eat number of their works. Editions of the whole works of a Father, uch as we for the most part have,) are obviously calculated for divines )t for private individuals: they furnish more of the works of each Father lan most require, and their expense precludes the acquisition of others.

3. The increased demand for sacred reading. The Clergy of one period '6 obviously unequal to meet demands so rapid, and those of our day have iditional hindrances, from the great increased amount of practical duties ^here so much is to be produced, there is of necessity great danger that a2 much will not be lo mature as, on these subjects, is especially to be desired. Our occupations do not leave time for mature thought.

4. Every body of Christians has a peculiar character, which tends to make them look upon the system of faith, committed to us, on a particulai side; and so, if they carry it on l)y themselves, they insensibly contract itg limits and depth, and virtually lose a great deal of what they think thai they hold. While the system of the Church, as expressed by her Creedi and Liturgy, remains the same, that of her members will gradually become contracted and shallow, unless continually enlarged and refreshed. Ir ancient times this tendency was remedied by the constant living intercoursi between the several branches of the Catholic Church, by the circulation o the writings of the Fathers of the several Churches, and, in part, by thi present method — translation. We virtually acknowledge the necessity o such accessions by our importations from Germany and America; but th^ circumstances of Germany render mere translation unadvisable, and mo8 of the American Theology proceeds from bodies who have altered the doc trine of the Sacraments.

.5. The peculiar advantages of the Fathers in resisting heretical errori in that they had to combat the errors in their original form, before men' minds were familiarized with them, and so risked partaking of them; am also in that they lived nearer to the Apostles.

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7. The advantage which some of the Fathers (e. g. St. Chrysostom possessed as Commentators on the New Testament, from speaking its lanl guage. j 8. The value of having an ocular testimony of the existence of Catholi' verity, and Catholic agreement; that truth is not merely what a ma troweth; that the Church once was one, and spake one language; an that the present unhappy divisions are not necessary and unavoidable.

9. The circumstance that the Anglican branch of the Church Cathol is founded upon Holy Scripture and the agreement of the Universal Churcl and that therefore the knowledge of Christian antiquity is necessary i order to understand and maintain her doctrines, and especially her Cree( and her Liturgy.

10. The importance, at the present crisis, of exhibiting the real practic value of Catholic Antiquity, which is disparaged by Romanists in order make way for the later Councils, and by others in behalf of modern ai private interpretations of Holy Scripture. The character of Catholic ant quity, and of the scheme of salvation, as set forth therein, cannot be a^ preciated through the broken sentences of the Fathers, which men pick i out of controversial di\inity.

11. The v-reat danger in which Romanists are of lapsing into secret in « delity, not seeing how to escape from the palpable errors of their ov Church, without falling into the opposite errors of Ultra-Protestants, appeared an act of especial charity to point out to such of them as are diss tisfied with the state of their own Church, a body of ancient Catholic trut free from the errors, alike of modern Rome and of Ultra-Protestantism.

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• The object of puhUihin<^ the originals has been steadily kept in view, though delayed by ifficultits, inseparable from the commencement cj such an undertaking, us well as bit sorroirjul ispensations. Collations of MSS. at Rome, Paris, Munich, Vienna, Florence, Venice, have ow been in part obtained, in part are being made, for S. Chryso>tmi''s Homilies on S. Paul, on 'le Statues, S. Cyril of Jerusalem, Macarius, Tertullian, S.Greg. Nyss. (^c.

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Works already published.

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STIN E, S Confessions Old Translation, revised by E. B. Pusey, D.D.

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Ou the Psalms, Vol. 1 partly by Rev. J. E. Tweed, Chaplain of Christ Chvrch.

l.S.OFJERUSALEM Catechetical Discourses Rev. R. W. Church, M.A. Felloii of Oriel- A^, S Treatises, lute Rev. C. Thornton, M.A. Christ Clmrch.

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j Rev. J. A. Ashicorth. M.A. Fellow of Bruse-nose J Rev. J. Tweed, M.A. C.C.C. Cam'y. Homilies on the Statues Ret. E. Budge.

RY, S. THE GREAT Magna MoraUa, T. I. H. III. pt. 1.

and Baptism...\ R''^- C. H. Collyns, M.A. Student of Ch. Ch 'Jreatises ( •"^' ^' Hodgson, M.A. late Student ofCh. Ch- ORIGINALS.

3ST0XI, S Horn, in Ep. 1 et 2. ad Cor Rev. F. Field, M.A. Trinity CoU. Camb.

In the Press.

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On 2 Corinthians Rev. J. A Ashzvorth, M.A. Fellow of Br ase/wsc.

RY S. THE GREAT.Magna Moralia, Vol. HI. 2...Rev. Jas. Bliss, M.A. Oriel.

ORIGINALS. )STOM, S Horn, in Ep. ad Rom Rec. F. Field, M.A. Trinity Coll. Cumb.

Preparing for Publication* ACTS of early MARTYRS.. (Genuine) On St. Luke.partly by l/te late S. f. frood, M.A. Oriel.

Doctrinal TreatiiieB l^pistles partly by the late S. F. Wood, M.A. Oriel.

ATIIANASIUS, S Tracts on the Incarnation and ) j^ ^ Daman, M.A. feUow of Oriel.

Holy Spirit. J AUGUSTINE, S Anti-Pelagian Tracts Anti-Donatist Tracts IIoniiliesonSt.John'sGospel.. Jo/in G. Sheppard, M,/i. Scholar of Wadham.

First?

—the Psalms Anonymous.

Epistles Rev. II. W. WUberforce, M.A. Oriel.

CMy of God Old Translation revised.

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the Acts Rev. T. S/ieppard, M.A. Onel.

the Hebrews Rev. T. Kehle, M.A late Fellow of C. C. C. ( Select Homilies Rev. C. B. Pearson, M.A. prwl. i On the Priesthood The lute Hp. Jebb, finished by Rev. J. Jebb, m..

Epistles Rev. E. Churton, M.A. Chriat Church.

tUSEBIUS Ecclesiastical History Rev. E. A. Dayman, M.A. late Fellow of Exeter.

GREGORY, S. OF N YSSA.. Sermons and Commentaries..

GREGORY, S. THE GREAT Magna Moralia, Vol. 3 Rev. Jas. Bliss, M.A. Oriel.

HILARY, S On the Trinity Rev. A. Short, M.A. (Bp. Elect of Adelaide.)

Psalms. G. G. Hayter, B.A. late Scholar of Oriel.

On St. Matthew.

TRENJEUS, S Against Heresy Rev. J. Keble, M.A.

JEROME, S Epistles Rev. J. Mozley, M.A. FeUow of Maydxden.

JUSTIN, M Works Ven. Archdeacon Manning, M.A. late Fellow of LEO, S. THE GREAT Sermons and Epistles Tv/r*r.AT,iTTo o w, sold Translation revised by Rev. C. Marriott, MACAR1US,S Works J Fellow of Oriel.

OPTATUS, S. On the Douatist Schism ORIGEN Against Ceisus Rev T. Mozley, MA. late FeUow of Oriel.

TERTULLIAN Works Rev. C. Dodgson, M.J. late Student of Ch. CI THEODORET, &c Ecclesiastical History Rev. C. Marriott, M.A. Fellow of Oriel.

MISCELLANIES., St. Clement of Alex.

dives salve tur?" Diognetiim; Tracts polytiis.

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ELECT WORKS of S. EPHREM THE SYIIIAN. Translated out of the Original With Notes and Indices.

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