Google METABOLISM. 221 cataleptic states, and actual insanity. If we are justified in concluding that women suffer earlier and more severely from lead-poisoning, we may perhaps connect this with the less metabolic activity of women. In lead-poisoning there is marked metabolic deficiency. If this is so, we should expect to find that women are more susceptible than men to all these slow poisons of which lead is the subtle and terrible type. But the evidence before us is not convincingly presented.
(3.) Women, as well as children, it is generally admitted, are very sensitive to the influence of opium. " There can be little doubt," Fonssagrives states, " as to the extreme impressionability of women to opium, and most of the cases of toxic saturation following the use of opium are in women." 1 Lauder Brunton makes a similar statement Opium acts chiefly on the nervous system, but more especially on the brain. Children possess a greater proportion of nervous tissue and brain than adults, greater cell activity, and a greater power of absorption. 2 Therefore it is not surprising that children are sus- ceptible to opium. The same is true of mammals generally. If poison is given to an adult rabbit and to a young rabbit, the poison in each case being proportionate to the animal's body-weight, the adult will be uninjured, the young one will succumb. 8 Among female animals generally, Cornevin states, there is greater susceptibility to poison, more especi- ally nerve-poison, than among male animals; and in woman than in man. In cold-blooded animals like the frog, in which the cerebrum occupies a more sub- 1 Art. " Opium " in Diet ency, des Sciences midicales.
8 The greater rapidity of absorption in children has been well shown by Yatsuty, who selected healthy male subjects from eight years old to eighty, and experimented with iodide of potassium and salicylate of soda. The dose was made to depend on the body-weight, and the urine was examined every three minutes. The general result was that the younger the subject the more rapid the absorption. Thus while the salicylate was absorbed in boys and young men in about fifteen minutes, in middle-aged men it required about twenty minutes, and in old men about twenty-five minutes. {Lancet, 10th January 1891.)
* Ch. Cornevin, Des Plantes Veneneuses, Paris, 1887, pp. 27-29.
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ordinate position in relation to the spinal cord, opium causes tetanic convulsions, as it sometimes does also in children.
The best example of sexual selective action in the effect of a poison on the nervous system is, as already remarked, the case of alcohol. Alcoholism generally is much more common in men than in women; according to Hermann's figures, the pro- portion is 2800 men to 400 women; that is to say, women furnish one-eighth of the cases. Notwith- standing this considerable proportion of women, the cases in which the brain is chiefly affected, and which result in the symptoms of delirium tremens^ occur almost exclusively in men. Rayer (according to Lancereaux) found among 170 cases of delirium tremens only 7 women; at Copenhagen, Bang found only one woman in 456 cases; Hcegh-Guldberg, one woman in 173 cases; Clifford Allbutt in 1882 had never seen delirium tremens in a woman. On the other hand, it is a familiar fact in England and France, and no doubt elsewhere also, that chronic alcoholism tending to affect the spinal cord and nerves, and to result in muscular paralysis, is found chiefly in women. Lancereaux, who has given special attention to this matter, finds that the ratio is twelve women to only three men. Broadbent and Clifford Allbutt have made similar statements as regards England, and the fact may easily be confirmed in any large hospital. It is worth mention in the same connection that Ball found that sexual excitement, as a complication of dipsomania, is more frequent in women than in men. 1 This well-marked differential action of alcohol on the nervous centres in men and women is of some interest, and must be taken in connection with other facts referred to elsewhere.
There is comparatively little opportunity of studying chronic alcoholism in children. Professor Demme of Berne has, METABOLISM. 223 however, found it somewhat common among the poor in certain districts, and has written a pamphlet on the influence of alcohol on children. I have not seen this, but it appears that he finds that the main symptom of alcoholic poisoning in children is abnormal excitement, ending, in extreme cases, in convulsions, and followed by mental and bodily debility. of the nature* of paralysis (Lancet, 19th Sept. 1891, p. 691). There is here considerable resemblance to the symptoms of chronic alcoholic poisoning in women. It is also of some interest to observe that delirium tremens is an extremely rare result of alcoholism among lower races. Thus in American negroes (as Dr. Reyburn has shown from an analysis of over 400,000 negro patients treated by the Medical Department of the American Bureau of Refugees) delirium tremens is of very rare occurrence, alcoholism being much more apt to lead to epileptiform con- vulsions or mania.
HAIR AND PIGMENTATION.
It is probable that the growth of the hair, its colouring, and that of the body generally, have an intimate connection with the metabolic activity of the organism. Among animals of all kinds hair, and more especially pigmentation, play a part of the first importance as secondary sexual characters. Among animals generally, in a very obvious manner, brilliant pigmentation and abundant hair predominate among the males. But in man pigmentation has become very rudimentary and comparatively stable, while sexual hair distribution has become equalised. It is true that men have a growth of hair on the face, but, on the other hand, women have a more vigorous growth of hair on their heads; even among races like the Singhalese, who preserve their hair long, that of the women is longer than that of the men, and, accord- ing to Ploss, the individual hairs are in Germany thicker in women than in men. Even among children (as Waldeyer points out) boys' hair if left uncut does not grow to the length of girls'. Women do not tend to become bald either in Europe or among lower races like the Nicobarese, and do not suffer so often Google 224 MAN AND WOMAN.
as men from alopecia areata. Again, while men in Europe on the average have a more considerable growth of hair on the body generally, in the region of the pubes where the hair is concentrated it is usually greater in amount in women than in men, and the individual hairs in this region are also (as both Pfaff and Ploss have found) of greater size than those of men. The sexual differences are therefore so doubtful, either in point of fact or in point of signifi- cance, that I think it advisable to refrain here from any general discussion of them, although the question is distinctly interesting.
There is, however, one question which, as we shall see, has a certain definite significance, and to which it seems possible to give a guarded answer: Are women darker than men?
There is no doubt that children have fairer hair and fairer skins than adults in very various parts of the world, such as South America, Japan, New Guinea 1 Among many different races, also, travellers have recorded that the women are fairer than the men; Balz says that the Japanese women have a somewhat lighter-coloured skin than the men; D'Albertis found that Papuan women in New Guinea are always lighter-coloured than the men; the Ainu women are also said to be fairer than the men, while among the Veddahs (as Deschamps noted) the women are not fairer than the men, though the children are fair. The determination of any sexual difference in skin- colour is not, however, very satisfactory, because we have to be sure that there is no relative difference in exposure to the sun; and among very few races do the sexes live under identical conditions in this respect It is of more interest to investigate the colour of the hair and eyes. Only the civilised European races, so far as I am aware, can be profitably investigated 1 See, for instance, Fritsch, " Bermerkungen zur anthropologischen Haaruntersuchung," Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic, 1888, Heft iii. p. 190.
Google METABOLISM. 225 from this point of view. 1 This question has been most fully studied in England, and especially by Dr. Beddoe, who is unquestionably the chief authority on the matter. So far as the evidence goes, it appears that among children (in industrial and workhouse schools), girls with light eyes and light hair (and also girls with light eyes and red hair) are much commoner than boys; this applies to nearly all ages between six and fifteen. Boys having dark eyes and dark hair are on the whole commoner than girls. 2 The darkening of the hair has been found by Dr. Beddoe to take place in men most markedly between the ages of twenty to twenty-three; but in women it takes place somewhat earlier. 8 This accords with what we already know as to the greater precocity of women. It is possible that the pigmentary process being earlier established in women, becomes in them more intense. I am indebted to Dr. Beddoe for a series of figures showing the sexual differences in various parts of Great Britain; in his Races of Britain they are given without regard to sex. Dr. Beddoe recognises the fallacies that may arise from differ- ences in the mode of dressing the hair and from cosmetics, and also by a possible difference in the mean ages of the men and women. Moreover, more young women than young men are met in the streets in most English towns, and Dr. Beddoe thinks that the women may come out with too low a proportion of dark hair on this account, though it seems to me that this fallacy may be counterbalanced by the later darkening of hair in the men, which would lead young men to be counted as somewhat fairer than i Among the Japanese (according to Collignon) there are very trifling sexual differences in the colour of hair and eyes, these differences tend- ing to show women a little less dark. Among the Lapps, Mantegazza and Sommier found that about 50 per cent, of the women examined had brown eyes (the rest having light eyes), while only about 30 per cent, of the men had brown eyes.
2 Report of Anthropometric Committee of British Association, 1883.
8 Report of Anthropometric Committee of Brit, Ass., 1880.
is - Google 226 MAN AND WOMAN.
if they had reached that pigmentary maturity which has been reached by young women of the same age. From an examination of Dr. Beddoe's table it appears that women have darker hair than men in Comrie (Perthshire), Thirsk, Boston, Leicester, Wor- cester, Norwich, and Southampton, while men have darker hair in Forteviot (Perthshire), Stoke-on-Trent, Shrewsbury, Hereford, and North Wales. It can scarcely be said that this particular list strongly supports Dr. Beddoe's opinion as to the prevalence of dark pigment among women. The evidence fur- nished by the eyes is clearer. Dark eyes were almost constantly more numerous in women than in men, this being found at Forteviot, Comrie, Thirsk, Boston, Leicester, Shrewsbury, Hereford, Worcester, London, Southampton, and North Wales; only Ipswich showed men to possess darker eyes, while Stoke-on-Trent and Norwich showed the sexes to be equal. Dr. Beddoe regards these results as fairly representing the facts as they would emerge from a more extensive inves- tigation of his materials, and it certainly fully illus- trates his general conclusion: " I have usually found a decidedly larger proportion of dark eyes among the women, but not so often of dark hair." I gather that he regards brown hair and brown eyes as chiefly common among women, black hair and grey eyes as more prevalent among men. An independent investigation of the members of the British Associa- tion during the Bath meeting, at a laboratory established for the occasion, entirely confirmed Dr. Beddoe's results as regards eye-colour; while the eyes of medium colour were about equal in the sexes, 44.6 per cent, of the men possessed light eyes, against only 34.2 per cent, of the women, while 20.7 per cent of the women possessed dark eyes, against only 12.3 per cent of the men. At the Newcastle meeting it was found that a larger percentage of the men had light hair and light eyes, a slightly larger percentage of the men showed light eyes and dark hair, and a considerably larger Google METABOLISM. 227 percentage of the women possessed dark eyes and dark hair; this result in a part of the country of very different ethnological character from Bath (and 50 per cent of those examined at Newcastle were natives of Newcastle) also confirms Dr. Beddoe's results. Still more recently, Professor Haddon and Dr. Browne have investigated the hair and eyes of over 400 inhabitants of the Aran Islands, on the west coast of Ireland. They adopted Beddoe's methods, and independently confirm his results as to sexual differences. Both dark eyes and dark hair were found more prevalent among females than among males, the results being more symmetrical as regards the eyes than as regards the hair. 1 In a private letter Dr. Beddoe makes some interesting remarks on sexual differences in pigmentation, and raises the question as to their causes: " It is especially on the Welsh border [*>., for example, Hereford and Shrewsbury] that the men come out with darker hair. That may have been due to the presence of more Welsh-bred men than women. I think the excess of dark women is most marked in the most purely Anglian (or, say, Teutonic) districts, such as Boston. Do the women still repeat the colours of their ancestresses, the British women who espoused the Saxon invaders? Possibly; no doubt there was intermarriage of that sort, though as the Saxons brought their cows over, I don't doubt that they brought a good many women too. Do the women deposit more pigment in their irides and hair because they have no beards wherein to expend it? M The latter supposition may seem to find support in the fact that the darkening in women occurs at about the time at which the beard begins to grow in men; but we must remember that in amount of hair there does not seem any marked sexual inequality on the whole.
Alphonse de Candolle stated as a general proposi- tion that the women in a population have a larger proportion of brown eyes than the men, but without bringing forward any definite evidence on the point. 2 1 See the carefully detailed statistics, A. C. Haddon and C. R. Browne, "Ethnography of the Aran Islands," Proceedings Royal Irish Academy % 1893, PP- 782-786.
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At the Anatomical Institute at Strasburg, Pfitzner found that fair men are always in excess of fair women. Taking over 500 subjects, his percentages were as follows: — l Male.
Female.
Age.
Fair.
Dark.
Fair.
Dark.
I-IO Above 20 These figures show a very marked and constant sexual difference at all ages. Pfitzner endeavours to find an explanation in the possibility of the sexes reaching the Institute in different racial mixtures. This is not impossible, and might account for the difference being so considerable, but the investigator does not seem to be aware that this sexual difference is international, and has been observed among the living as well as among the dead. The same differ- ences exist in Denmark. In that country Professor Waldemar Schmidt (as Dr. Beddoe kindly informs me) found more fair-haired and fewer dark-haired among the men than among the women, red hair being about equal, or rather less in the men. The eyes also in men are far more often light; there are fewer of medium colour, and immensely fewer are dark. The great majority of the men have light eyes and medium hair, while among the women fair, medium, and dark hair are about equally common, and about one-half have medium hair, and one-third dark hair. This is in complete harmony with Dr. Beddoe's results in Britain: women have on the whole darker hair than men, and decidedly darker eyes. We seem to be justified in concluding that it holds generally good for the fairer races of Northern Europe It would be interesting to know if the same rule holds good for the darker races.
1 Schwalbe's Morphologische Arbeiten, Bd. ii., 1892.
Google METABOLISM. 229 There is considerable reason to suppose that this question of pigmentation has an important bearing on the vitality of individuals and races. There seems to be a progressive diminution of fair people in Europe; De Quatrefages came to the conclusion that it is going on in Normandy, Schaaffhausen in Germany. Mayr has supposed that the brown type possesses a greater power of resistance and of propa- gation. Schimmer is inclined to think that some of the phenomena seen in Austria confirm this supposi- tion; l in America there is evidence to show that the dark-haired -are less liable to suffer permanent ill- effects from nearly every form of disease than those who are fair-haired. 2 If this is the case as there seems such good reason to believe, it seems reasonable to hazard the supposition that the greater resistance to disease which, as we shall see, there is evidence to show that women possess, is con- nected with the greater pigmentation of women. Some light would perhaps be thrown on this point if we knew the propor- tion of dark and fair persons among centenarians and the long-lived generally. Sir George Humphry, who conducted a collective investigation on longevity (the results of which are embodied in his interesting work on Old Age\ unfortunately did not include this point in his questions. In a private letter he writes that he does not like to suggest any impressions on the matter, having found that several of his impressions were negatived by more extended observation. In any future inquiries it would be desirable to take note of the individual's original complexion. Dr. Haden Guest has kindly made inquiries at Manchester, and finds that out of 42 persons of 70 years of age and upwards 28 were li^ht complexioned, 13 medium, only 1 dark; it cannot be said that these figures connect longevity with a dark pigmentation. I am not acquainted with any reliable statistics showing whether albinism — a pathological defect of pigment entailing various disadvantages and often associated with other defects of development — is more common in men or in women. Among negroes, in whom it reaches its maximum of frequency, it is 1 G. A. Schimmer, " Erhebungen uber die Farbe der Augen," etc., Mittheilungen der Anthrop. GeselL % Wien, Supplement I., 1884, p. xxiv.
• J. H. Baxter, Statistics Med. and Anth. % Washington, 1875.
Google 230 MAN AND WOMAN.
said to be more common in women. (TreTat, Art " Albinisme," Diet, ency. des Set. Af/d.) In Italy Raseri found it commoner in males (66 males to 40 females), {Arch, per PAntrop., 1880, p. 203), and most frequent where the race is darkest. Addison's disease, a disorder of pigmentation, is agreed by all observers to be more common in men; B. Ball, analysing a large number of cases, found 53 men to 38 women. We still lack accurate observations as to the causes of pigmentation or its influence on the organism. The following remarks by Dr. Alice Ross (Med. and Surg. Reporter, Oct. 1892) may be quoted: — "In red-haired women and those brunettes who have red lips, red cheeks, and are inclined to freckle rather than to tan, lacerated perineum and cracked nipples occur most frequently. And those sallow-skinned blondes who tan rather than freckle, and who have a tendency to a deposit of pigment in the areola of the nipple, and about the neck and armpits, are least liable to suffer from these accidents."
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well within the region of physiology. But when we begin to make the same observations on the heart and pulse under varying conditions of the individual organism we are not far from the region of psychology. Thus the elaborate physiological studies of Mosso on the vascular system have a very intimate connection with psychology. No one now can be a competent psychologist who is not something of a physiologist, just as no one can be a competent physiologist who is not something of a chemist and a physicist. The physiology of the senses leads us to the psychology of intellect, and the physiology of the viscera leads us to the psychology of emotion. If we possessed, for instance, a thorough physiological knowledge of the thyroid gland we should probably know more of the nature of emotion than all mere introspection, or mere general picturesque description, has ever taught us.
The Thyroid Gland. — Of this interesting gland of the neck, indeed, we already know something that seems to help to throw light on psychology, and although in this chapter we shall be dealing primarily with anatomy and physiology, it will not always be possible to ignore the psychological aspect. The function of the thyroid is, unfortunately, not quite clear, although there is most reason to suppose that it is intimately connected with the metabolism of the blood. 1 It is generally agreed that the gland is larger in women than in men, and that relatively it is very \arge in childhood. While in the new-born child its proportion to the weight of the body is as I to 400, or even to 420, in the adult it is only I to 1800 (Huschke and Krause). In old age the thyroid is very considerably diminished in size, and, as Kocher and others have shown, while total extirpation of the 1 See Professor Victor Horsley, " The Function of the Thyroid Gland," in the Virchow Festschrift and in the Brit. Med. Journal^ 30th Jan. and 6th Feb. 1892. * Google THE VISCERA. 233 thyroid in old age is not likely to be followed by serious results, before the age of puberty it will almost certainly be followed by serious injury to health.
The thyroid gland follows closely all the variations in a woman's organism. To so marked an extent is this the case that Meckel long ago remarked that the thyroid is a repetition of the uterus in the neck. The fact that the neck swells in women in harmony with the sexual organs seems to have been an observation made in very early times; it is at least as old as Democritus, and popular customs indicate that it is probably of much earlier date. The thyroid swells at the first menstruation, and not uncommonly it Google 234 MAN AND WOMAN.
more frequent in women than in men. Goitre — or simple enlargement of the gland — is decidedly more common in women; the proportion varies in different localities from one man to two women to one man to fifteen women. Cretinism — or idiocy resulting from disease of the thyroid gland — appears to be usually rather more- common in males, but it is stated that in this country sporadic cretinism is more common in females. Myxcedema — a closely-allied physical and mental disorder de- pendent on degenerative disease of the thyroid — is chiefly found in middle-aged women. Exophthalmic goitre (Graves' disease or Basedow's disease) is a somewhat more complicated disorder, and has been termed a neurosis of the emotional nervous system (Burney Yeo). But goitre is usually a characteristic feature, and this disease is possibly a primary affection of the thyroid gland. 1 All authorities are agreed that it is more common in women than in men; the proportions given differ from one to two to one to eight, some finding it almost exclusively in women.
The appearance of the patient suffering from this disease — the staring protruded eyes, the breathlessness and rapid heart, etc — suggests a person suffering from terror, and it is remark- able that fright has often formed the starting-point of the disease; a number of cases, for example, occurred in Alsace and Lorraine after the Franco-German war. Dr. H. W. G. Mackenzie, who has made a careful study of this disease (" Clinical Lectures on Graves' Disease," Lancet, Sept. 1890), has some very interesting and suggestive remarks on the resemblance between exophthalmic goitre and terror which may here be quoted: — "Fright, intense grief, and other profound emotional disturbance have been recognised as causes of the patho- logical condition, but I do not think that sufficient attention has been paid to the very close connection between the chronic symptoms of Graves' disease and the more immediate effects of terror. The descriptions given by Darwin and Sir Charles Bell of the condition of man in intense fear might almost have 1 See Professor Greenfield's Bradshaw Lecture on the Thyroid Gland, Brit. Med. Journal, Dec. 9, 1893.
Google THE VISCERA. 235 been written in regard to one of the patients we have been considering. The heart beats quickly and violently, so that it palpitates or knocks against the ribs. There is trembling of all the muscles of the body. The eyes start forward, and the uncovered and protruding eyeballs are fixed on the object of terror. The surface breaks out into a cold clammy sweat. The intestines are affected. The skin is flushed over the face and neck down to the clavicles. The hair stands erect. ' Of all emotions fear notoriously is the most apt to induce trembling.' The symptoms of terror are common to man and the lower animals. There are one or two of the minor symptoms of Graves' disease whose independent occurrence under the influence of emotions is well known. These are pigmentary changes in the skin and hair, falling out of the hair, and epistaxis.
" Such being the condition resulting from severe terror, we have only to imagine the condition to become prolonged by a failure of the nervous system to recover its balance and to right itself, and we have a more or less complete clinical picture of Graves' disease. We have all the well-known symptoms— trembling, palpitation, flushing, sweating, exoph- thalmos, relaxation of the bowels. There is no information that I know of in regard to the enlargement of the thyroid gland under the influence of profound emotional disturbance. All one can say on that point is that the enlargement which takes place in those cases where the symptoms develop rapidly after such disturbance makes it probable that this is actually the case. If this be so, we have had associated with one another, probably as long as the human race and its ancestors have existed, the symptoms which we find in Graves' disease. The existence of a certain abnormal condition of the nervous system having been once established, we know how in time it becomes dissociated from its exciting cause, rises to independ- ence as a disease in its own right, and may require only a minimal incitement to set it off. In many cases the disease is started anew by severe mental shock; probably in a good many more it is the expression of the unconscious memory of the individual of some such shock in an ancestor.
"Such is what I would suggest to you as the origin and development of this very curious disease. It is likely that the alteration of the function of the thyroid body, whose importance in connection with nutrition and the transmission of nerve-force has been amply demonstrated, has a good deal to do with many of the secondary symptoms to which I have called attention, but the real disease is a widely distributed derangement of the emotional nervous system."
The Larynx and the Voice. — Something may here 236 MAN AND WOMAN.
be said of the functions of the larynx, an organ in close proximity to the thyroid, although perfectly distinct.
In the lower human races generally the larynx is comparatively undeveloped, and the voice is usually inclined to be high and shrill. It is in Europe that both larynx and voice are most highly developed; all great singers are of European race, and the Euro- pean voice is the most sonorous; the Tartars are, however, said to possess the loudest and most power- ful voices, the Germans coming next 1 On the whole, B A. HORIZONTAL SECTION OF MALE GLOTTIS.
B. female glottis. (Langer.)
it may probably be said with truth that the tendency of evolution is in the direction of the enlargement of the larynx and of the deepening of the voice. 2 Up to puberty the sexual differences in the larynx and in the voice are not marked, but at this epoch they become considerable. The boy's larynx en- larges to a greater degree than the girl's, while his voice "breaks" and becomes deeper. The woman's 1 Sir Duncan Gibb, " The Character of the Voice in the Nations of Asia and Africa, contrasted with that of the Nations of Europe," Mem. Anthrof. Soc. y vol. iii., 1870, p. 244.
3 This is the conclusion reached by Gaetan Delaunay in an interest- ing and ingenious discussion of this point in his Etudes de Biobgie CoMparie % 29 Partie, pp. 97-110.
Google THE VISCERA. 237 larynx and voice retain more nearly the characteristics of the child's. While the growth of the male glottis at puberty is as 5 to 10, that of the female glottis is only as 5 to 7 (C Langer).
In castrated persons, however, the larynx remains puerile, although perhaps slightly larger than in women. The old Italian custom of castrating boys to preserve their youthful singing voices bears witness to the close connection between the voice and the organs of sex. Delaunay remarks that while a bass need not fear any kind of sexual or other excess so far as his voice is concerned, a tenor must be extremely careful and temperate. Among prostitutes, it may be added, the evo- lution of the voice and of the larynx tends to take a masculine direction. This fact, which is fairly obvious, has been accurately investigated at Genoa by Professor Masini, who finds that among 50 prostitutes 29 showed in a high degree the deep masculine voice, while the larynx was large and the vocal cords resembled those of man; only 6 out of the 50 showed a normal larynx; while of 20 presumably honest women only 2 showed the ample masculine larynx. {Archivio di Psichiatria^ vol. xiv., The position of the larynx in adult normal women is somewhat higher in the neck than in men; in this, as well as in the character of the larynx generally, women approach children. In nearly every dimen- sion man's larynx is larger, the entire male larynx being about one-third larger than the female. But while in the transverse diameter there is compara- tively little sexual difference, in the antero-posterior diameter there is great difference. The vocal cords are considerably longer in men. 1 The difference in voice is one of the most obvious of the human secondary sexual characters. The higher and shriller voice of woman, Delaunay re- marks, seems to have determined the nature of the 1 A detailed account of the anatomical differences in the larynx will be found in the Art. " Larynx " by Beclard, Diet. ency. des Set. Mid. t pp. 554-565; see also Professor K. Taguchi (of Tokio), "Beitrage zur topographischen Anatomie des Kehlkopfs," Archiv. fur Anat. u. Phys., 1889, Heft, v.-vi. The accompanying diagram shows roughly the main difference between the typical male larynx and the typical female larynx.
Google 238 MAN AND WOMAN.