example, grows after the age of nineteen more than the average head. 1 It is well known that the upper classes in most European countries are taller than the lower classes, and although this may be, to some extent, as Lapouge supposes, a question of difference of race, it cannot be entirely so; Gal ton, also, con- siders that among the educated classes the average height is greater than it was some years ago. I am not acquainted with any elaborate investigation of women students, showing to what extent the physical development of women may be prolonged under favourable conditions. Under ordinary conditions it seems to be the general rule that physical precocity is greater in women than in men, and the lower the race, generally speaking, the earlier is the full stature attained; thus among the Nicobarese, according to Man, males reach their full height at about the age of eighteen, females a little earlier. 2 The average height of adult males in England is about 1.700 m. (or 67.4 ins.), of adult females about 1.600 m. (or 62.7 ins.); the ratio of stature of men and women is in England 1 to 0.930, or as 16 to 14.88. 8 The mid-stature of the well-to-do male members of the British Association at Newcastle in 1889 was 1.715 m., of the female members 1.589 m. The sexual difference in stature in England, therefore, corresponds very closely with that found in neighbour- ing countries; in France, according to Topinard and Rollet, it is 12 centimetres; in Belgium, according to Quetelet, 10 centimetres; in the United States, accord- ing to Sargent, it is somewhat greater, being nearly 1 E. H. Man, Journal Anthropological Institute, May 1889.
* Report of Anthropometric Committee of British Association, 1883. As expressed by Galton {Natural Inheritance, 1889), about 12 to 13; " Consequently by adding to each observed female stature at the rate of one inch for every foot, we are enabled to compare their statures, so increased and transmuted, with the observed statures of males on equal terms." In Belgium, where the race is much shorter, the ratio, according to Quetelet, is as 16 to 15.
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13 centimetres. In America, while the sexual differ- ence in weight is somewhat less than in England, the sexual difference in height and also in vital capacity is to a marked extent greater, the greater sexual differences being, it seems, due to the greater develop- ment of American men rather than to the less develop- ment of women.
Dr. Sargent prepared for the Chicago World's Fair two nude clay figures of man and woman, founded on the average measurements of several thousand students of Harvard and of various girls' colleges. Dr. Sargent's results will be published in detail in his forthcoming book; the general characteristics of the two statues are thus described in Scribnet's Magazine, " One admits that the young man is the finer figure of the two. Standing squarely, clean-limbed, strong-necked, he looks rather like a runner than a rower; but there is nothing sordid, nothing warped, nothing to indicate the deterioration of a civilisation of too many wheels, the stunting, or the abnormal one-sided development, of the factory or of city life. The Dose, of course, must be the sculptor's, but the measures show: height, five feet eight; weight, one hundred and thirty-eight (the equivalent of one hundred and forty-nine, as we clothe our- selves); chest, thirty-four, to thirty-seven inflated. It is re- assuring that both in height and weight and strength as well, this statue far exceeds the average of any other nation, even England.
" When we come to the woman, we must — giissons un pen, A prominent artist looked her over from a professional point of view and refused to accept the statue as the ultimate model. Of course, said her creator; for that you would in fairness select a figure on the eighty or ninety per cent line, not this, which meets exactly fifty per cent, of them all, and is half way from the best to the worst; or, to put it more precisely, is only the greatest good of the greatest number. He then naively explained her inferiority to the boy on a ground one hardly dare whisper — namely, that women students in colleges came from a class not equal, socially or intellectually, to that which universally sends its boys. [Whether this is the case or not it could scarcely account for the facts in question; the woman of low social class, at all events in the country, is favourably situated so far as the attainment of a well-developed and beautiful body is concerned.] The figure has more fragility without a corre- sponding gain in grace; the lower half is better than the upper; it is not that tight lacing has left evident traces (the waist is Google GROWTH AND PROPORTIONS OF THE BODY. 4 1 over twenty-four) but the inward curve of the back, the thinness of the body, lack strength and erectness of pose. The height is five feet three, the weight one hundred and fourteen, the chest measurement but thirty, and the feet ten inches long."
Differences in weight, although instructive as regards the individual's condition, are not of any great significance in the adult from our present point of view, and are in some respects fallacious. This is due to the tendency of women to develop exuberant fatty connective tissue. This tendency, while it is chiefly responsible for the charm and softness of the smoothly rounded feminine form, results in women possessing a larger amount than men of comparatively non-vital tissue and makes them appear larger than they really are. Bischoff once took the trouble to investigate the proportions of the various tissues in a man of thirty-three, a woman of twenty-two, and a boy of sixteen, who all died accidentally in good physical condition. He found the following relation between muscle and fat:— It is owing to this tendency to put on fat that, as Quetelet found, while man reaches his maximum weight at the age of forty, woman reaches hers only at fifty. The same tendency causes a liability to morbid obesity which all authorities agree to find more common in women; thus, for instance, of Bouchard's eighty-six cases, sixty-two were in women, and only twenty-four in men.
The preponderance of the adult man over the adult woman in total stature and bulk is fairly obvious and well established; the less obvious sexual differences in the growth and proportions of the various parts of the body are, however, more interesting and significant Speaking generally, it may be said that, relatively to the total height, in women the head is longer than in men, the neck shorter, the trunk longer, and the legs and arms shorter.
Topinard found that, reckoning total height as 100, in 78 men of European race the trunk equalled 33.5, and in 30 women 34.0. E. Harless, at Munich, found that in 9 men and 7 women the trunk equalled 35.9 in the former and 37.8 in the latter. Quetelet obtained similar results in Belgium. Professor Riccardi (Di alcune Correlazioni di Sviluppo y Modena, 1891) has examined 1200 Bolognese and Modenese persons of all ages Google 42 MAN AND WOMAN.
and both sexes with reference to the height of the seated body, and finds that in children under six there are no sexual differences; then comes a period of oscillation between the sexes, and finally the proportion of the height of the seated body to the total stature is in men as 52 to 100, and in women as 53 to 100; thus a woman, when seated, if we judge her by male standards, appears taller than she really is.
Ranke states unconditionally that relative short- ness of trunk is a character of superiority, as it indicates an organism arrived at maturity. 1 If we compare the human adult with the human infant, or with the ape, this statement is perfectly justified. As Quetelet has pointed out, 2 while the adult head is only double the height of the head at birth, the trunk is nearly tripled in length, while the arms are nearly four times, and the legs as much as five times as long as they were at birth. This is one of those sexual differences which are simply the result of the total difference in bulk and stature due to the pre- cocity and earlier arrest of growth in women. In fairly well-proportioned men, in whom growth has been arrested before they have reached the adult male standard, we find the same proportions as in women. In a dwarf of the usual type, with his huge head and diminutive legs, the same infantile type is seen in an exaggerated degree. In defective develop- ment, due to the influence of rickets, it has been found that the trunk is on the average only about one inch shorter than usual, the arms two and a half inches shorter, while the legs may be as much as ten and a half inches shorter, thus preserving the infantile type. 8 In giants, on the other hand, the increased stature is chiefly due to undue growth of the legs.
It is not, however, true that relative shortness of trunk is a mark of superiority if we compare together the adults of various human races. Thus, as Topinard 1 Beitrage zur Urgeschichte Bayerns, Bd. viii., Fasc I and 2, 1888. 1 Anthropometries pp. 194, 195.
* Shaw, confirmed by Walter Pye, " Lectures on Growth Rates of the Body," Lancet, July 26 and August 16, 1890.
Google GROWTH AND PROPORTIONS OF THE BODY. 43 shows, 1 negroes possess relatively the shortest bodies, the yellow races the longest, while the white races occupy an intermediate position.
From these differences in proportion there naturally results a difference in the position of the centre of the body according to age and sex. The old artists and authors who occupied themselves with the canons of proportion, following the lead of Vitruvius, regarded the navel as the centre of the body. This is not exactly the case. The more immature the human body is the lower the navel is, and the lower also the centre of the body. At birth the middle point of the body closely coincides with the navel, or, rather, it is two or three centimetres above it, but as growth pro- ceeds the centre of the body falls until ultimately it is a little below the symphisis pubis in men, remaining a little higher in women.
In women the distance between the navel and the pubes is greater than in men; that is to say that in women the abdomen is larger. This is the rule as stated by Manouvrier, and Professor Cunningham has found from the examination of numerous subjects that the various abdominal zones have the same average depth in women as in men; taking into account the greater size of the men, the relative size of the abdomen becomes thus distinctly greater in women. 2 This character is in harmony with the reproductive functions of women, and in the ar tist's hands the f\jll and firji abd omen is one of the be auties of^o man's lorm l in contrast to man's comparatively flat ancT inconspicuous abdomen, but at the same time a large abdomen is both an infantile and a primitive character; it was, for example, very marked in the Fuegians who were in London a few years ago, and a Fuegian boy with his abdomen exposed bore a strong resemblance to a woman.
1 Anthropologic GJnJrale, pp. 1065 et scq, 1 " Delimitation of the Regions of the Abdomen," Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ', Jan. 1893.
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A still more obvious sexual distinction lies in the breasts, but from the present point of view they cannot be very profitably studied. The only sexual difference worth mentioning here is the distance between the nipples. This is often greater in men than in women; the reason for this is, as Briicke points out, that in its development the breast in women requires a large amount of skin for its increasingly convex surface, and as the skin on the side of the body yields more readily than that between the breasts, the nipples tend to approxi- mate. 1 " The breasts should always live at enmity," a sculptor once said to Briicke; " the right should look to the right, and the left to the left" In well-de- veloped individuals this is so, and in the careful measurements of artist's models given by Quetelet at the end of his Anthropometric the exceptional dis- tance between the nipples is noteworthy, especially in the case of women belonging to Rome and Cadiz.
With reference to the sexual differences in the thorax or chest itself, the most authoritative anatomists are at present singularly at variance. This is partly due to the fact that not many detailed investigations of a large number of subjects have yet been made, and partly to the fact that it is necessary to allow for the artificial deformation of the chest which is still very common among civilised women. It seems most probable that, as Gegenbaur asserts, the female thorax is relatively shorter and broader than the male. This is also suggested by the shortness of the dorsal region of the spinal column in women and the relative shortness of the breast-bone (as shown by D wight as well as by earlier anatomists), and also by the greater relative length of the clavicle in women (as shown by Broca and others). It also seems probable that the depth of the chest antero-posteriorly is less m women than in men. It was asserted by the old anatomists that while man has a large chest and 1 E. Briicke, The Human Form, pp. 71, 72. Chapter III. of this book is an interesting discussion of the artistic anatomy of the female breast From the anthropological point of view the breast has been fully studied in the great work of Ploss and Max Bartels, Das Weib, Bd. i., pp. 174-189. These writers recognise three different foims of breast: the disc-shaped, the hemispherical, and the conical.
Google GROWTH AND PROPORTIONS OF THE BODY. 45 small belly, woman has a small chest and large belly. While this conclusion, which is in harmony with the marked inferiority of the respiratory system in women, is no doubt true, sufficient allowance does not appear to have been made for the artificial constriction of the lower part of the chest in women.
Charpy has made a careful study of 200 subjects — male and female, short and tall, fair and dark — in the dissecting room, with special reference to the shape of the chest He finds no notable sexual differences until the age of fifteen, and less well marked after this than many people imagine. He recognises three different types of the female chest, which are, however, more obvious to the artist than the anthropologist: (1) the broad type, square and full like that of man, with well-spread shoulders, ana breasts like expanded discs; it is the type of the ancient goddesses, of the women of Tuscany and Liguria, and the Roman women of Transtevere; (2) the round type % rarer and of more delicate and highly sexualised character; it is smaller and more folded in than the first type, with less antero- posterior diameter, and is the chest of the Venetian women; (3) the long type % with oblong lungs, though its capacity is probably by no means defective; it is the type of English women, and Arab women with their sloping shoulders and graceful carriage often have this form. (Adrien Charpy, "1/ Angle xiphoidien," Revue d' Anthropologic, 1884, p. 268.)
In women, generally speaking, while the trunk is relatively long, the limbs are relatively short By her short arms woman approaches the infantile condition more closely than man, as Ranke points out, but it must be added that by the same character she is far- ther removed than man from the ape and the savage, among whom the forearm especially is very long.
The difference is usually trifling, but there is agreement upon the point among most of the chief authorities. It was found to hold good among various lower races examined during the voyage of the Novaray and by Weisbach for German women also; Topinard lays it down as a general rule {Anthropologic GfaZraliy p. 1096); Sargent found that the forearms of American girls are decidedly shorter, the arms very slightly shorter than those of boys; and Ranke concludes as the result of his obser- vations that women have shorter arms and forearms, thighs and legs, relatively to their short upper arms still shorter forearms, relatively to tneir short thighs still shorter legs, and relatively to the whole upper extremity a shorter lower extremity. (Ranke, " Beitrage zur physischen Antropologie der Bayem," Beitrdge Google 46 MAN AND WOMAN.
xur Urgeschichte Bqyerns, Bd. viii., Fasc i and 2, 1888.) A long forearm, it may be added, as well as a long leg, are among the characters which indicate superiority when we compare the adult to the infant, but indicate inferiority when we compare the European to lower races, like the negro and the Australian, in whom the arms are especially long.
The male arm differs from the female by being flatter in youth and more highly moulded and less cylindrical in adult age; in women the arm in adult age develops in rotundity in consequence of the deposit of fat, and constitutes one of the chief beauties of adult womanhood; it is also often somewhat laterally compressed, and (as Briicke remarks) it is often so depicted by Renaissance artists, in comparison with the broad shallow forearm. Artists have differed in their preferences with regard to boys' arms and girls' arms; thus while Palma Giovane and many other artists have given their angels girls' arms, Andrea del Sarto preferred boys' arms.
Briicke has some sensible observations on the effects of exercise on the arms of girls: — " Many mothers are afraid of their daughters doing any exercises with their arms lest the latter should acquire a masculine shape. It is remarkable, how- ever, that no apprehension is shown if these same daughters practise the piano for several hours every day, exerting certain muscles of the forearm in a violent and exclusive fashion in doing so. Yet there is, in general, no foundation for the fear. Bodily exercises only affect the form of the body disadvan- tageously under two conditions; either when they begin at too early an age, or else when they are so excessive as to produce emaciation. That violent exercise may be taken without injury in this respect is proved by the well-known gymnast who, under the name of Leona Dare, displayed the beauty of her arms in all the great cities of the world." (E. Briicke, The Human Figure, pp. 48, 49.) As a more recent example I may refer to the beautifully developed arms of the gymnast Alcide Capitaine.
The study of the hand and the proportions of its various parts has received considerable attention from time to time, and has recently been taken up in great detail by Pfitzner, one of the most active of the great school of anatomists and anthropologists which has sprung up at Strassburg under the inspiration of Schwalbe. Europeans, speaking generally, have smaller hands than the black races, while the yellow races have the longest hands; the Javanese, for example, have peculiarly long hands, which are seen Google GROWTH AND PROPORTIONS OF THE BODY. 47 to great advantage in the characteristic Javanese dances in which the hand plays the chief part. As regards the relative size of the hand, Quetelet and Topinard considered that there are no sexual differ- ences; Ranke, however, has more recently found that the hand is relatively somewhat shorter in women, and this seems to be confirmed by Pfitzner's in- vestigations, but in any case the differences are slight Sexual differences in the comparative length of the different fingers have attracted some attention. Ecker found many years ago that while in anthropoid apes, and so also in nearly all negroes, the index- finger is shorter than the ring-finger, in women the index is generally longer than the ring-finger, thus giving the hand a more elegant shape. 1 Mantegazza examined a very large number of people with refer- ence to this point, and found that while over 500 possessed a shorter index than ring-finger against under 100 with longer index-finger, among the former men were in a very large majority, and among the latter women were in a large majority. Examin- ing twelve very beautiful women from various parts of Italy, he found a longer index-finger in six — a proportion considerably above the average. 2 Pfitzner confirms the fact of the greater length of the index- finger in woman, and finds also that woman's thumb is relatively shorter than man's. The latter character- istic goes with a comparatively low type of organism, but the long index-finger has its interest, bearing in mind the conservative morphological tendencies of women, because it indicates superior evolution. Pfitzner observes that he is content to demonstrate the fact, but for those persons who insist on an ex- planation of every fact he suggests that the greater 1 Arch, fur Anthropologic^ Bd. vii., p. 65.
1 P. Mantegazza, "Delia lunghezza relativa dell* indice," Arch, fer PAntropologia, 1877, p. 22.
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use of the fore-finger in gesticulation may be the cause of its development in women. 1 It is by his relatively long legs that the adult civilised man most conspicuously differs in proportion from the infant, although not necessarily from the savage, whose legs are sometimes very long; and the leg is that portion of the body which grows most rapidly and to the most variable extent; it is also that part of the body which is most affected by an early arrest of development, although in this the arm also largely participates. 2 The thigh grows with greatest rapidity, and shows also the most decided sexual differences. In women the thigh is markedly shorter than in men; it is larger, and is set at a different angle. As to the greater absolute and relative length of the thigh in men there seems to be no question, although the results of investigation do not show any similar marked difference for the leg, and according to some observers the leg is relatively very slightly longer in women. The greater circum- ference of the thigh in women is very well marked, and begins at a comparatively early age. It is indeed the only measurement of which we can safely say that it is from an early period of puberty onwards both abso- lutely and relatively always decidedly greater in both European and American women than in men; for although the diameter and still more the circumfer- ence of the hips are relatively greater in women than in men, the excess seems greater than it really is, and does not invariably exist, or at all events at so early an age, when we deal with absolute figures. Accord- ing to the measurements of Quetelet on Belgians, the circumference of the top of the thigh becomes abso- lutely greater in girls of fourteen, and is relatively 1 W. Pfitzner, " Beitrage zur Kenntniss des menschlichen Extremi- tatenskelet " and " Anthropologische Beziehungcn der Hand- und Fussmasse," in Schwalbe's Morphologische Arbeiten, Bd. L-ii., 1890-92.
8 Humphry, Human Skeleton; Topinard, Anthropologic GMrale, pp. 1030-31; Roberts, Anthropometry, pp. 115-117!
Google GROWTH AND PROPORTIONS OF THE BODY. 49 greater than in boys even after the age of twelve; while Dr. Sargent shows that the thigh of the American girl of fifteen is on the average, in absolute figures, two inches larger than that of the American boy of fifteen. Taking 400 male and female students (who in America fairly represent the average popula- tion), of the mean age of twenty, Sargent found that the girth of thigh in the women exceeds that in the men by 1% inches, and is the only measurement in which the women do absolutely exceed the men. Dr. Sargent suggests that the large thighs of women are due to impediment to the blood-stream caused by artificial constriction at the waist, but the opinion is unsupported and is highly improbable. In woman the thigh, though short, tapers rapidly, and at the lower part it is, absolutely, scarcely if at all larger than that of man; so that while the masculine thigh tends to be columnar the feminine thigh tends to be conical. This characteristic tends to give some appearance of instability to the female figure, and the effect is increased by the marked inward inclination of the thighs in women, resulting from the breadth of the pelvis, an inclination which, when it exists in a very marked degree, gives an appearance of knock- knee, and the inward inclination of the thigh is com- pensated by an outward inclination of the leg. There is an analogous obliquity of the upper extremity; the forearm is never in a straight line with the arm; and this obliquity also appears to be more emphasised in women. 1 But while the lack of straightness in the arm is inconspicuous and conflicts with no demand of the eye, since the arms are not normally called to support the weight of the body, it is not so with the legs. This obliquity of the legs is the most conspicuous aesthetic defect of the feminine form in the erect posture, while it unfits women for attitudes of energy, and compels Google 50 MAN AND WOMAN.
them to run by alternate semicircular rotations of the legs. In large-hipped civilised women the character- istic is much more obvious than in small-hipped savage women. Artists have adopted various devices to disguise it It is minimised by toning down the hips and giving to women a comparatively masculine outline, or by the elongation of the thighs and legs; thus the long, straight, and beautiful legs which Tintoret gave to his women almost correspond to heroic canons of proportion which in nature are rarely found in women.
The foot has received even more study than the hand, and certain interesting sexual differences emerge. Pfitzner, who has studied the foot 1 with the same care as the hand, finds that there are two types of foot: the elongated type with long and well-developed middle phalanges, and the abbreviated 'type in which the middle phalanges are short and coarse. The first type is most common in men, the second in women. Which is the more primitive form? We are accustomed, he remarks, to regard women's forms as more primitive, but notwithstanding this he is inclined to look upon the abbreviated type common in women as a more recent acquisition of the race. At the same time he regards the abbreviated form as rather a retro- gressive than a progressive evolution; " no one can look at a middle phalanx of the abbreviated type and not recognise that it is unworthy of any noble mammal, and only to be regarded as a par tie honteuse? By their great toes, as well as their thumbs, women are less developed than men; a long great toe and a long thumb are recent acquirements of the race, and they are relatively longer in men. Pfitzner has also made an interesting discovery with regard to the present position and probable future of the little toe. It is well known that while the fingers and toes generally are made up of three bones and are three-jointed, the 1 Schwalbe's Morphologische Arbeiten, Bd. i., pp. 94 el seq.
Google GROWTH AND PROPORTIONS OF THE BODY. 5 1 thumb and great toe possess only two phalanges, and are therefore only two-jointed. Pfitzner finds that there is a tendency for the little toe also to possess only two joints, the middle and end phalanges being welded together. This result is not artificially pro- duced, as it is nearly as common in the embryo and the child as in the adult. There appears, therefore, to be at the present time a progressive, or, as Pfitzner regards it, retrogressive development of the little toe; though it should, perhaps, be added that in such a matter the degeneration only applies to the particular part and not to the organism generally. The course of higher evolution has always been accompanied by the disappearance or degeneration of particular organs and parts which are no longer needed. It is interest- ing to note that women seem to be leading this movement Among m feet of men and women 41.5 per cent, of the women showed fusion of the joint, and only 31.0 per cent of the men. But, as Pfitzner himself remarks, new investigations with a larger number of subjects are needed to confirm this sexual distinction. 1 Ottolenghi and Carrara have examined the feet of a large number of persons — men and women, sane and insane, criminals and prostitutes — in order to find out the amount of space between the great toe and its neighbour, and so to estimate the extent to which the individual's foot approaches the primitive prehensile condition. Carefully examining 100 normal men and 62 normal women, they found that the space between the first two toes and the power of separating them are much more marked in women than in men; the proportion of well marked cases being 28 per cent among women and only "1 1 per cent, among men; although the tendency of women to cramp the feet would lead us to expect an opposite result. Among male criminals, prostitutes, epileptics, and idiots there was a still nearer approach to the prehensile condition which is frequent among lower races. (Ottolenghi e Carrara, " II Piede prensile negli alienati e nei delinquenti," Arch, di Psichiatria y 1892, Fasc. iv., v.) These observations have not, so far as I am aware, been repeated.
1 W. Pfitzner, "Die kleine Zehe," Archiv. fur A fiat und Phys. % Heft. i. and ii., 1890.
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In the somewhat bird's-eye view we have obtained in this chapter over a very large field of anthro- pological investigation it has been sufficiently evident that the differences between men and women extend not only to general proportions and laws of growth but to each part of the body taken separately; that, taken in the average, a man is a man even to his thumbs, and a woman is a woman down to her little toes. Three general conclusions clearly emerge: (i) women are more precocious than men; (2) in women there is an earlier arrest of development; (3) as a result of these two facts, the proportions of women tend to approach those of small men and of children. This greater youthfulness of physical type in women is a very radical characteristic, and its influence vibrates to the most remote psychic recesses. It is an important factor, but by no means the only factor, in the constitution of secondary sexual differences.
Google S3 CHAPTER IV- THE PELVIS.
THE MOST PROMINENT SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTER — CONSTRUCTION OF THE PELVIS — THE PELVIS IN CHILD- HOOD — THE PELVIS IN RELATION TO THE SPINAL COLUMN — THE INFLUENCE OF THE ERECT POSTURE IN MAN AND WOMAN — PELVIC INCLINATION — THE SADDLE-BACK — THE EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN SPINAL COLUMN — DISADVANTAGES OF THE ERECT POSTURE — WOMEN LEADING EVOLUTION IN RESPECT TO THE PELVIS — THE EVOLUTION OF THE PELVIS IN RELATION TO THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL EMOTION.
In the brief sketch of the sexual differences in human growth and proportions presented in the foregoing chapter, no attention has been given to what we may regard, at all events from the present point of view, as the two most important parts of the body. Nothing has been said of the head or of the pelvis. The head is entitled to attention separately, not only as the most conspicuous and generally interesting portion of the body, and the seat of the chief nervous centres, but on account of the great amount of study devoted to it, an amount which to-day we are entitled to consider as even excessive. The pelvis is entitled to a chapter to itself because it constitutes the most undeniable, conspicuous, and unchangeable of all the bony human secondary sexual characters. Among numerous lower races, indeed, it is not well marked, Google 54 MAN AND WOMAN.