Duration, moments counted by means of points in space, 78 f., 87; differs from homogeneous time in having nothing to do with space, 91; em pirical attempts to build up space from, 99 f., 222; conception of pure, 100, 104 ff., 229; expressed in terms of space, 101, 103, 232; order of succession in, 101 f.; any homogeneity in, implies space, 104, 115; as interpenetration of con scious states, 104, 107, 108, no, 128, 418, 226, 232 ff., 235; pure, is wholly qualitative, 106, 126 f., 429; not measurable, 107 ff.; not measured by clocks, 108 f.; as heterogeneous and with no relation to number, 109, no, 120, 226, 229, *35> 239; how mistaken idea of homogeneity arises, 109; and mo tion, 110, 114, 124; eliminated from time by science, 115, n 6, 228; and simultaneity, 115 f.; and astronomical prediction, 117, 192 ff.; cannot be represented by mathematical formulae, 119; as mental synthesis, 120; none in space, 120, 227; as quality, 127, 193, 197, 226; felt as quality in sleep, 126; perceived as quality by animals, 127; homogeneous, as symbolical representation derived from space, 128, 219, 239, 240; its two forms, 128; constituted by deep-seated conscious states, 137, 224; determinism rests on inaccu rate conception of, 143, 153, 173, 209, 215 f., 220, 235, 239; acts like a cause in realm of life, 153; heterogeneity of, precludes return to former state, 154, 200, 219, 232, 233, 239; real, and prediction, 183 ff.; of conscious states unalterable, 196 f.; difference between past and future, 198; applicable to persons, not to external things, 200, 209 f., 215, 227; as contained in single moment, 208; real, as leading to free will, 210, 215 f.; attributed to things, 215, 228; two conceptions of, in causality, 215; separated from extensity by science, 228 f., 230; must similarly be separated by philosophy, 229 f.; Kant put self outside, 233; possible to get back into pure, 233; Kant con fused with space, 233; science cannot deal with, 234; if homo geneous, no freedom, 235; origin of feeling of, 238 n.; no moral crisis without, 238 n.; key to problem of free will, 238 «. Dynamism, as system of nature, 140; and relation between facts and laws, 140 f.; its view of simplicity, 141; inner, 172.
Eclipse, prediction of, 117, 194.
Education, not properly assimilated, 1 66; may curtail freedom, 167.
Effort, intensity of, 7, 24, 25, 26; muscular, 20 ff.; apparently quan titative, 21; feeling of, 21 ff., 211; experimental investigation of, 22 ff.; superficial, 26; in estimating intensity and pitch of sound, 45 f.; in second type of prefiguring, 211; force and, 214; ideas of free, and necessity to be kept apart, 217, 218.
Eleatics, their paradoxes, 74, 240; arise from confusion between mo tion and space, 112 ff.; Achilles and tortoise, ir3 f.
Elevation, of aesthetic feeling, 17.
Emotions, violent, intensity of, 28 ff.
Empiricist, theory of space, 93 f.; derivation of extensive from inextensive, 94, 222.
Endosmosis, see also Compromise: — between succession and externality, 109, 228; between mobility and space, 112; between free effort and necessary determination, 218.
Energy, kinetic and potential, 152; may be new kind of, 152.
R* Energy, conservation of: Incom patible with freedom, 142, 144; and determination of physiological and nervous phenomena, 145; does not Involve determinism of conscious states, 146 f.; is it universal? 150, 154; in the natural sciences, 150; implies return of system to former state, 152; con scious force or free will may escape law of, 154; illegitimate extension of, 155, 230.
English philosophers, on extensity and succession, 99. [152.
Epiphenomenon, consciousness as, Equations, expressing Fechner's Law, 62; express something fin ished,!^; transformability of, 204.
£vellin,onspace,time and motion, 114.
Experiments, and experimental ob servations: Wundt on paralytic, 21; Vulpian on hemiplegia, 22; Ferrier on feeling of effort, 22 f.; James on feeling of effort, 23; clenching the fist, 24; compressing the lips, 25; lifting a weight, 25, 48 f.; Fer6 on muscular force, 41; pin pricks, 42; on temperature sense, 46; Helmholtz on colour and intensity, 51; photometric, 52 ff.; Lehmann and Neiglick's, 52; Delbcauf's on measurement of luminous sensation, 52 ff., 56 ff.
Explanation, confused with fact, 163, 181.
Extensity, implies relation of con tainer to contained, 3; no point of contact between extended and unextended, 70; as aspect of physical qualities, 92; Kant on, 92, 148; attempted derivation of, from the unextended, 93 f., 99 f., 222; homo geneous, as result of stripping matter of concrete qualities, 205; Descartes' view of matter as homo geneous, 207; hylozoism and qualities of matter, 213; confusion with duration raises problem of freedom, 221, 240; separated from duration by science, 228, 230.
Externality, of things in space, 99; exists outside the ego, 108, 227; endosmosis between succession and, 109, 228; of things, helps to cut up psychic life, 109, 125 f., 130, 228; animals have not same ten dency to picture, 138; empirical school attempts to build up, from inner states, 222; external things subject to change but not duration, 227; external world distinct from ourselves, 236.
Fact, relation between law and, 140 f.; explanation confused with, 163, 181.
Faraday, and centres of force, 218.
Fear, Spencer on, 30; conceived as distinct state, 159.
Fechner, on attention and tension 27; his psychophysics, 56, 60 ff.; his formulae, 61, 62; his law, 61; his logarithmic law, 62 n.; method of minimum differences, 64, 69.
Feeling, intensity of, 7, 185; deepseated, 7 ff.; aesthetic, n ff.; of grace, u f.; of beauty, 14 f.; richness of aesthetic, 17 f.; moral, 18 f.; and physical symptoms, 20 ff.; of effort, 21 ff., 211; dis torted by analysis, 132 f.; some thing living and developing, 133; leads to resolution, 133, 171; whole soul reflected in each, 165; change in duration of, means change in nature, 197 f.
F6r6, C., on sensation and muscular force, 41.
Ferrier, on feeling of effort, 16.
Figure, see Diagram.
Flavour, changing, solidified by lan guage, 131.
Force, alleged psychic, 20 f., 25; muscular, 21; nervous, 21; sen sation of, 21; conscious states not forces, 165, 170; idea of, as inde terminate effort, 214; self as a free, 216; idea of, and necessity, 216, 217; as free spontaneity, 217; ideas of free force and necessity separated by science, 218.
" Form of Sensibility," Kant's theory of, 94; homogeneous space as, 236.
Forms, borrowed from external world in perception of self, 154, 167, 183, 217, 223; borrowed from self in perception of things, 222; of per ception, result of compromise, 223; elimination of those borrowed from external world, 224; Kant's distinction between matter and, 93, 234.
Fouill6e, on freedom as a motive, 160.
Fourth dimension, time as, 109.
Freedom, Free Will, see also Deter minism: origin of problem, 74, 139, 221, 240; cause of conflict between mechanism and dynam ism, 140; twofold objection to, 142; and molecular theory of matter, 143 f.; and conservation of energy, 145 ff.; strictly limited if principle of conservation universal, 149 f.; as conscious force, exempt from law of conservation, 154; defenders of, mistakenly agree that conscious states are distinct things, 159; Fouillee on, 160; as self-expression, 165, 172; not absolute, but admits of degrees, 166; many live without realizing, 166; may be curtailed by educa tion, 167; free acts rare, 167, 231, 240; free decision springs from whole or fundamental self, 167, 172, 231, 240; covered over by auto matism, 168, 231, 237; sometimes resigned through indolence, 169; shown in times of crisis, 170, 239; and character, 172; to be sought in characteristic of the decision or act, 173, 182 f.; Mill on, 174; and " possible acts," 174; free action compared to over-ripe fruit, 176; distinction of successive phases in, leads to determinism, 177 ff.; the self infallible in affirm ing its, 183; not disproved by causality as regular succession, 202 f.; safe-guarded by different conceptions of causality taken by themselves, 215 f.; self as free cause, 216, 235; real but inde finable, 219 ff., 230, 239 f.; why denied and denned, 229; Kant on, 232, 233, 235, 238; incomprehen sible if duration homogeneous, 235; key to problem of, 238 n.; follows from uniqueness of relation of psychic state to act, 239.
Fusion, see Interpenetration. Future, see Prediction.
Ghost, time as ghost of space, 99. Goldscheider, experiments on tem perature sense, 46. Grace, feeling of, n f.
Hamilton, Mill on, quoted, 159, 174.
Heat, sensation of, 46 f.; mechanical theory of, 151.
Helmholtz, on effort of volition, 23; on colour and intensity, 51.
Hemiplegia, Vulpian on, 22.
Heterogeneity, qualitative, inter preted as extensive homogeneity, 95; of pure duration, 109, no, 120, 128, 226, 229, 235, 239; of deep-seated psychic states, 200; homogeneous universe assumed behind, 205; Kant's distinction between homogeneity and, 234.
Homogeneity, of time, 90, 98, 107, 124, 234, 237 J of space, 95 f., 98, 1 20, 236; is all homogeneity space? 98; supposed two forms of, 98; none in duration, 104, 115; none in motion, no, 115; how introduced into duration, 124 f., 128; connection between, and general ideas, 163; assumed behind heterogeneity, 205; Kant's distinction' between heterogeneity and, 234.
Hope, why pleasurable, 9 f.
Hylozoism, ancient, 213, 214.
Hypnotism, and art, 14; and aesthetic feeling, 17; illustrating association of ideas, 157; nonincorporation of idea received during, 166.
Ideas, analysis of, 134; interpenetration of, 135; unreasoning ad herence to, 135; some not incor porated, 135; associationism fits superficial, 136; reconciliation of, at deeper level, 136; association of, in interrupted conversation, 156; general, and perception of homogeneous medium, 163.
Identity, principle of, 207; attempt to replace causality by, 209; causality does not coincide with, 2 10.
Illusion, as to psychic states possess ing magnitude, 21; reflective consciousness has two fundamental, 190; of attributing mutual ex ternality to conscious states, 231; leading to difficulties about free will, 240.
Immobility, movement cannot be made from, 115; all that science retains of motion is, 119, 229, 234.
Impenetrability, of matter, 88 f.
Inertia, of organism, and pleasure, 38; vis inertiae, 38; dynamism derives, from voluntary activity, 140; idea of spontaneity simpler than, 141; spontaneity settling down into, 220.
Instinct, perception of duration in sleep compared to, 127; of the intellect, 135.
Intensity, of psychic states, i ff., 224 f.; of sensations, i ff., 7, 20, 32, 40, 42, 47, 172 f.; alleged intensive magnitude, 2, 3 f., 71 f., 106, 225; no point of contact with extensive, 3, 70; estimated by external causes, 4 f., 20, 32 f., 42, 72; esti mated by atomic movements, 6; different kinds of, 7; of deepseated psychic states, 8, 26; of a growing desire, 8 f.; of joy, 10; of sorrow, n; of aesthetic feelings, ii ff., 17 f., of nural feelings, pity, 1 8 f.; of feeling of effort, 24 f.; of superficial effort, 26; of inter mediate states, 27; of violent emotions, 28 f., 31; as multiplicity of simple states, 31, 73; of affec tive sensations, 33 f., 34 *-, 47, 73 ] and organic disturbance, 32; of pain, 35 ff.; of disgust, 36; of representative sensations, 39 ff-» 72; as quality, 42, 90, 190, 224; of sensation of sound, 43 f.; of heat and cold, 46 f.; of sensation of weight, 48; of sensation of light, 50 ff.; of a colour, 54; two factors contributing to, 73; as qualitative sign of quantity, 90, 224; of deepseated feeling, nothing but the feeling, 185; how others made to realize, 185 f.; as compromise between quality and quantity, 225.
Interpenetration, multiplicity of, 75 n., 162; of conscious states, 99, 100 f., 132 f., 163, 164, 231, 237; in pure duration, 104, 107, 108, no, 128, 218, 235; of states of deep-seated self, 125, 137, 164; of strong feelings, 132 f.; of ideas, 135; of apparently contradictory ideas at deeper level, 136; in pro cess of addition, 226; replaced by plurality, 237.
Introspection, as leading to funda mental self, 231.
Intuition, of space necessary to idea of number, 77 ff., 84, 225; of homogeneous medium, perhaps peculiar to man, 95 f., 236; of motion and duration, 114; of homogeneous space as step towards social life, 138, 163, 236; imme diate, and discursive thought, 237.
James, W. on feeling of effort, 22, 23, 24; on rage, 29.
Joy, feeling of, 10.
Juxtaposition, see also Interpene tration: inapplicable to inner states, 8 f.; multiplicity of, 75 n., 162; implies intuition of space, 77 f.; number as a, 85, 89; of conscious states, 101, 232; in homogeneous time, 121; of lifeless states, replaces a feeling, 133.
Kant, theory of space, 92 f.; Tran scendental Aesthetic, 92, 93; dis tinguished matter and form of representation, 93; " form of sensibility," 94, 236; separated time and space, 222, 232; mistake about time, 233; gave causality same meaning in Inner and outer world, 232; clung to freedom but made it noumenal, 232, 238; put free self outside space and time, 233, *35 J on " things in them selves," 233 f.; made time and space homogeneous, 233; and the Practical Reason, 234; distin guished matter and form of con sciousness, 234; result of Critique of Pure Reason, 235; raised barrier between phenomena and things in themselves, 235; dis tinguished space from matter, 236. Kelvin, Lord, his theory of matter, 206.
Lange, on materialism and deter minism, 144.
Language, unequal to psychological analysis, <>, 13, 160. 196. 237_: foreign, sounds louder, 41: domi nates thought, 70, 2^1; perhaps implies intuition or space, 97, 163, 236; uses terms borrowed from space, 122; favours separation of states of self, 128, 137, 139, 167, 231; solidifying influence of, on impressions, 129 f.; gives fixed form to fleeting sensations, 131 f.; description distorts the feelings, 132 ff.; only ideas which least belong to us can be expressed by, 136, 164; and social life, 137, 167, 231, 236; same impulse to picture externality as to speak, 138; second self formed, whose states expressed by, 138; illustration of inadequacy of, 160 f.; general ideas and intuition of space, 163; fixes only impersonal aspect of emotions, 164; psychology misled by, 165; how determinism aided by, 171; why same feeling, when repeated, called by same name, 200; favoured by avoiding separation of duration and extensity, 230 f.
La Rochefoucauld, on sympathy, 19.
Law, Weber's, 60; Fechner's, 62; Fechner's logarithmic, 62 n.; of non-contradiction, 89, 150, 207; of Nature, mechanism and dynam ism on, 140 f.; relation between facts and, 140 f.; " same ante cedents, same consequents," 199, 208; of causality, 199 ff.; physical phenomena obey, 202, 219; prin ciple of identity as absolute, 207; relation of psychic state to act cannot be expressed by, 239.
Lehmann, his photometric experi ments, 52.
Leibniz, on pre-established harmony, 147, 213, 214; and conservation of vis viva, 151; on qualities of mat ter, 213; on matter as monad, 213, 214; conception of causality as lead ing to, 213; and determinism, 214.
Light, sensation of, 50 ff.
Line, succession symbolized as a, 103; motion not a, 120; time not a, 181.
" Local signs," 49, 95; Lotze on, 93.
Lotze, theory of local signs, 93.
Magnitude, quantitative differences applicable to, 2 ff.; alleged inten sive, 2, 3 f., 71 f., 106, 225; two species of, 3 f.; of growing desire, 9; and muscular effort, 20 f.; of sensations, 31 ff., 72; intensity of pain as a, 37; pleasure as a, 38; of representative sensations, 47; interval between colours as, 57 f.; interval between sensations as, 66, 68 f.; intensity not a, 225.
Mathematics, represents results, not processes, 119, 234; exemplifies one type of prefiguring, 204 f.
Matter, impenetrability of, 88; molecular theory of, and deter minism, 143 f., 209; atomic theory of, still hypothetical, 145; has no apparent duration, 153; stripped of concrete qualities, 205; shape as quality of, 205; Lord Kelvin's vortex theory of, 206; Descartes' view of, 207; hylozoism and qualities of, 213; Leibniz and qualities of, 213; distinguished from form, 223, 234; distinguished from space, 236.
Mean gradations, method of, 56, 59, 67, 69.
Mechanics, treatment of time and duration in, 1 15; and notion of velo city, 117; deals with equations, 119.
Mechanism, as system of nature, 140; and relation between facts and laws, 140 f.; its view of simplicity, 141; its influence on determin ism, 148, 209; makes conscious ness an epiphenomenon, 152; and Lord Kelvin's theory of matter, 207; Spinozistic, 209; and coin cidence of causality with identity, 210; meant to explain conduct, will control it, 237.
Metaphor, see Symbolical Represen tation.
Mill, on Hamilton, 159 n., 174 n.; on distinct states of self, 159; on free will, 174.
Mind, act of, see Act.
Mind, articles in, quoted, 29 n., 46 n.
Minimum differences, method of, 64 f., 69.
Mobility, and motion, inf.; elimin ated by science, 115, 228.
Moliere, Le Misanthrope quoted, 167.
Monad, Leibniz on matter as, 213, 214.
Motion, see al<5o Movement: analysis of concept of, no f.; real only for conscious spectator, 1 1 1; as mental synthesis, in, 120; mobility and, in; of shooting star, ni; con fused with space in Eleatic para dox, 113 f.; intuition of, 114; not derivable from immobih'ties, 115 -, no homogeneous element in, 115; science eliminates mobility from, 115, 228, 234; hypothetical acce leration of cosmic, 116 f., 193 ff.; cannot be represented by mathe matical formulae, 119 f.f 234; helps to form idea of homogeneous duration, 124; Descartes and conservation of, 151; and Lord Kelvin's theory of matter, 206.
Motives, actions explained by, 148; and process of deliberation, 158; act not determined by, 158; Bain on conflict of, 159; Fouillde on freedom as a, 160; choice without, shown at crisis, 170.
Movement, see also Motion: atomic, and intensity, 6; molecular, and sensation, 33, 34; automatic and free, 33, 35; in estimating sensa tion of weight, 49 f.; measure ment of velocity of, 107, 117.
Muller, Johann, nativistic theory of space, 93.
Multiplicity, inner, 73; of conscious states, 75 ff., 90 f.; of juxtaposi tion, 75 n., 162; of interpenetration, 75 n., 162; implied in num ber, 76, 80 f.; implied in addition. 85; two kinds of 85 f., 91, iai, 128, 129; discrete, 90, 91, 120 f., 226; of number and of conscious states, 91, 121; continuous or qualitative, 105, 121, 128, 224, 226, 229, 239; determinism rests on inaccurate conception of, 143, 173; associationism confuses the two kinds of, 162 f.; of psychic states as con stituting duration, 224; duration as qualitative, 226, 229.
Music, and suggestion, 15, 44; duration and musical rhythm, 100; increase of stimulus compared to musical phrase, 106; organization of sensations compared to melodic phrase, in; strokes of clock com pared to musical phrase, 127; consciousness compared to invisible musician, 147.
Nativist theory of space, 93- N'ature beauty in, 14 ', compared with art, 16; profoundly utili tarian, 33; view taken by mechan ism and dynamism, 140 f.; con crete phenomena of, abolished, 207; view of, as whimsical, 212.
Necessity, see also Determinism: mechanism cannot escape, 140; as deus ex machina in ancient hylozoism, 214; and idea of force, 216 ff.
Neiglick, his photometric experi ments, 52 No€l, G., article on number and space, 75 n.
Notes, why classified as higher and lower, 45 f.
Noumenon, freedom as, 232.
Novelist, how effects produced, 133, 164, 185.
Number, natural series, 2, 80; defi nition of, 75; article on space and, 75 n.; units of, identical, 76; units of, distinct, 77, 226; implies intuition of space, 77 ff., 83 f., 225; both unit and synthesis of units, 80 f.; discontinuity of, 82; pro cess of forming a, 82 f.; why divi sible at will, 83; subjective and objective in, 84; thought of as a juxtaposition, 85; inapplicable to multiplicity of conscious states, 87; and impenetrability of matter, 89; those in daily use have emotional equivalents, 123; time as a, 195, 197; results from a com promise, 226.
Objective, definition of, 83.
Objectivity, of things, 236.
Objects, contrasted with progress, in, 112, 219; can be analysed, 112; help to cut up our psychic life, 124 f.; seem to live and grow old, 130; tend to fix changing feelings, 130; in human soul processes, not, 131.
Order, of succession, implies space, 101 f.
Pain, and pity, 18 f.; as sign of future reaction, 33; intensity of, 35 f.; Darwin on, 37; conceived as distinct thing, 159.
Parallelism, of physical and psychical series, 146 f.
Paralysis, and feeling of effort, ax, 22, Past, no recurrence of, 154, 200 f., 219, 232, 233, 239. Paul, his prediction of Peter's action, 184 ff.
Pendulum, counting oscillations of, 104 f.; what do oscillations of, measure, 107 ff; oscillations of, help to cut up our psychic life, 109; spreads out undivided ten sion of spring, 228. Permeation, see Interpenetration. Peter, Paul's prediction of his action, 184 ff.
Photometric experiments, 52 ff.
Physics, and sound-vibrations, 46; and degrees of luminous intensity, 52 f.; interested in external cause, 71; physical phenomena and law, 202; Cartesian, 207, 208; Descartes' instantaneous, 208; and forecasting of phenomena, 222, 230.
Pillon, F., article on number and space, 75 n. Pitch, of a sound, 44 f. Plateau, his method of measuring luminous sensations, 56. Plato, quoted, 168; Platonic reminis cence, 234.
Pleasure, as sign of future reaction, 33 f.; and bodily inclination, 38; keenness of, as inertia of organism, 38; conceived as distinct thing, 159. Poetry, how effects produced, 15. " Possible acts," 174 f., 239. Postulate, Delbceuf's, 60; Fechner's, 60; fundamental, of psychophysics, 65, 70; underlying geometrical representation of voluntary acti vity, 179.
Prediction, astronomical, 117, 192 ff., 198; determinism and, 173, 183 ff., 220; real, duration and, 183 ff.; of future actions, 183 ff., 229, 239; probable and infallible, 183 f., and character, 184, 172; hypothetical case of Peter and Paul, 184 ff.; all foreseeing as seeing, 195, 197, 198; of phenomena, and physics, 222, 230.
Prefiguring, of future phenomenon in present conditions, 204 ff., 210; two kinds of, 204 ff., 215; as in mathematics, 204 f.; as having idea of possible future act, 211 f.
Pressure, sensation of, 47 f.
Process, motion as a, in; conscious states not things but, 131, 196; misleading to substitute material symbol for, 190; cannot be analysed, 219.
Progress, motion as a, in; not divisible, 112; cannot be repre sented by geometrical figure, 181; misleading to substitute material symbol for, 190; psychic state as a, 198; from idea to act, 211.
Providence, Descartes and grace of, 208.
Psychology, descriptive, limits of, 139; sometimes misled by lan guage, 165; deals with intervals of duration and not their extremities, 196; modern, and perception through subjective forms, 222.
Psychophysics, and measurement of sensations, i, 55 ff.; measurement of intensity of light, 52 ff.; Delboeuf's experiments, 52, 56, 58 f., 67 f.; method of mean gradations, 56, 59, 67, 69; method of minimum differences, 64 f., 69; Delboeuf s postulate, 60; Weber's Law, 60; all, involved in transition from stimulus to amount of sensation, 6 1; Fechner's Law, 61 f.; postu late of, 65, 70; fallacy of all, 65 f., 7o; exaggerations of, 225.
Quality, interpreted as quantity or magnitude, 9, 13, 39, 42, 43, 48 f., 51, 58, 69, 70; sound as a, 46; sensation of increase qualitative, 48; intensity of light as a, 50; variations in brightness qualitative, 54; psychophysics attempts to measure, 63; no point of contact with quantity, 70; sensation as a, 72, 90; confusion with quantity invades whole series of psychic states, 74; space devoid of, 95; qualitative multiplicity, 105, 121, 128, 224, 226, 229, 239; sensation of mobility qualitative, 112; qua litative distinctions, 121 f., 204; counting as a qualitative progress, 123; of quantity, 123; strokes of a clock estimated by quality of musical phrase, 127; time as, 129; deep-seated conscious states as pure, 137 f., 224; matter stripped of concrete, 205; attempt to explain apparent, of matter 205; shape as, of matter, 205 qualities of things set up as states 213; Leibniz and external, 213 psychic phenomena as pure, 224 Intensity as compromise between quantity and, 225.
Quantity, see also Magnitude: as applied to inner states, i ff.; alleged two kinds of, 3 ff., 72, 225; quality Interpreted as, 9, 13, 39, 42, 43, 48 f., 51, 58, 69, 70; and muscular effort, 20 f., 25; of cause, trans ferred to quality of effect, 42, 70; pitch and, 45, 46; increase of sensation as, 48; difference be tween hues of a colour as, 60; psychophysics makes intervals be tween sensations into a, 62, 65, 66, 68 f.; no point of contact between quality and, 70; how quantitative relations set up between sensations, 71; quantitative distinctions, 121 f., 204; without quality, 123; time as, 129; cause of psychic phenomena as, 224; quality as sign of, 224; intensity as com promise between quality and, 225.
Rage, Darwin on, 29; James on, 29.
Reality, of space, 91 f., 95, no; two kinds of, 97, no; real dura tion, no, 125 ff., 154; of facts for dynamism, 141; of laws for mechanism, 141; time as a, 155; attempt to produce, from alge braical relations, 205; physics treats sensations as signs of, 223.
Reason, beliefs adopted without, 135; decisions taken without or against, 170; in ancient hylozoism, 214; the discursive, 229, 237; Kant's doctrine of the Practical, 234; Critique of Pure, 235.
Refraction through space, self per ceived by, 128, 129, 137, 167, 183, 217, 223; of " things in them selves," Kant's view, 233.
Renouvier, on freedom, 237 n.
Representation, see Symbolical Re presentation.
Resolution, how feeling leads to, 133, 171.
Revue philosophique, referred to, 52 «.
Revue scientifique, Tannery's criti cism of Fechner in, 67.
Rhythm, connecting dancer and spec tator, 12; effect in music, 14; in poetry, 15; and architecture, 15; Nature does not command, 16; succession of conscious states compared to, 100.
Ribot, on attention and movements, 27 f.
Richet, on pain, 35 f.; on disgust, 36.
Rood, on changes of hue, 51.
Saturation, of a colour, 54.
Scale, notes of, why classified as higher and lower, 45 f.
Science, eliminates duration from time and mobility from motion, 115 £E., 228; and hypothetical acceleration of motions of universe.
1 1 6, 193 ff.; attempts to do away with duration and causality, 208 f.; separates ideas of free effort and necessary determination, 218; attempts to measure intensive quantity, 225; separates extensity and duration, 228, 230; main object of, 230; could deal with time if homogeneous, 234.
Scottish philosophers, 72.
Sculpture, ancient, 15.
Self, whole, reflected in each conscious state, 98, 165; recovery of the fundamental, 100, 128, 129, 231, 233, 236, 240; introduces distinc tions derived from external objects into its own states, 109, 125, 237; superficial, with mutually external states, 125, 128, 136, 138, 167, 237; deep-seated, with interpenetrating states, 125, 128, 136, 164, 236; many conscious states never blend with whole mass of, 135, 166, 168; perceived by refraction through space, 128, 129, 137, 167, 183, 217, 223; the two aspects of the, 129 ff-, 137, 231; tendency to form secondary, 138, 166; not an association of terms, 139, 159 ff., 164, 165, 226; recourse to living and concrete, necessary to solve problems of causality, freedom, etc., 139; activity of, cannot be com pared to that of any other force, 143, 216; perception of, through forms borrowed from external world, 154, 217, 223; self-deter mination, 165; parasitic, as result of education, 166; free decisions spring from whole or fundamental, 167, 172, 231, 240; covered over with crust of clean-cut psychic states, 167; does not intervene in carrying out e very-day acts, 168; uprush of deep-seated, at moment of crisis, 169; distinction of psychic states leads to mechanical concep tion of, 171; constantly changing and growing, 171, 175 f.; view of, involved in geometrical represen tation of process of deciding, 176 f.; infallible in affirming its immediate experiences, 183; as a free force, 216, 235; Kant put free, outside space and duration, 233; Kant and phenomenal, 233; as a free cause, 235.
Sensations, intensity of, i f!., 7 ff., 20 ff., 40, 42, 47, 72 f.; art yielding only, 17; and external causes, 20 ff.; peripheral, and muscular effort, 24, 26; peripheral, and violent emotions, 31; magnitude of, 31, 32, 47, 72; affective and representative: affective, 32 fi., 72 f.; and organic disturbance, 32 f.; pleasure and pain, 33 ff.; affective, and free movements, 33; representative, 39 ff., 73, 90; medium, 41; representative, mea sured by external causes, 42; of sound, 43 f.; of heat and cold, 46 f., 64; of pressure and weight, 47 f.; increase of, and sensation of increase, 48; as quantity or qua lity, 48; of movement, 50; of light, 50 ff.; measurement of luminous, 52 ff.; psychophysics attempts to measure, 55 ff., 62, 63, 225! equal and identical, 57, 62, 63, 64, 69; law connecting stimu lus and, 60 f.; as quantities, 62, 65, 66; addition of, 64; considered as a sum, 65, 67; how quantitative differences set up between, 71 f.; as pure quality, 72; and space, 92, 93, 95; can space be built up from, 94; simultaneous and iden tical 95; of motion, indivisible, 112 influence of language on, 131 not objects but processes, 131 altered by repetition, 131; physics treats, as signs of reality, 223.
Series, natural, of numbers, 2, 80 } double aspect of each term in a, 124, 226; physical and psychical, 210.
" Several," use of, implies space, 122.
Shape, as quality of matter, 205.
Simplicity, different senses of, in dynamism and mechanism, 141.
Simultaneity, implies space, 95; measuring duration and counting, 108 f.; as connecting link between space and duration, no; defini tion of, no; in measuring velo city, 114, 117; used in defining equal intervals of time, 116, 119; in space nothing but, 116, 206, 227; and astronomical prediction, 116 f., 193 ff.; dealt with by mathematics, 119; attempted re presentation of succession by, 180, 221; all relations not translatable into, are scientifically unknowable, 234- Sleep, and perception of duration, 126. Smell, illustration from associations of, 161 f. Social life, self with well-defined states better adapted to, 128, 137, than our inner life, 130; intuition of homogeneous medium as step towards, 138, 163, 236.
Solidification, of an act, in space, 112; of changing feelings, pro moted by language and external objects, 129 f.; of sensations owing to language, 131; of ideas on surface of consciousness, 135, 166, 168; of conscious states, promotes social life, 231; of con scious states, how brought about, 237.
Sorrow, an increasing, n.
Sound, sensations of, 43 ff.; inten sity of, 43 ff.; pitch of, 45; why classified as higher and lower, 45 f.
Space, and magnitude, 2; introduced into perception of duration, 74; article on number and, 75 n.; intuition of, implied in counting, 77 ff., 83 f., 225; material objects counted in, 85 f.; conscious states not countable unless symbolically represented in, 86 f., 89, 90; idea of impenetrability shows inter connexion of number and, 89; projection of psychic states into, 90, 101, 106, 231; time, but not duration, as spatial, 90 f.; reality of, 91 f., 95, up; as common ele ment in certain sensations, 92; Kant's theory of, 92, 93; nativistic and empirical theories of, 93; Mviller's theory, 93; Lotze's theory, 93; Bain's theory, 93; Wundt's theory, 93; attempt to build up, from inextensive sensations, 93 f., 99 f., 222; definition of, 95, 98; as a homogeneous medium without quality, 95 ff., 98; not so homo geneous for animals, 96; intuition of homogeneous, peculiar to man, 97, 236; intuition of, necessary to counting, abstraction and speech, 97; is time, as homogeneous medium, reducible to, 98 f.; time as ghost of, 99; duration expressed in terms of, 101, no; order of succession implies, 101 f.; sym bolical representation of succession as line implies, 103; time as fourth dimension of, 109; simultaneity as connecting link between time and, no; and motion, no ff.; projection of act into, 112, 181; Infinitely divisible, 113, 114; as homogeneous element in motion, 115; the only measurable element in motion, 116, 118, 119; nothing but simultaneities in, 116, 206, 227; alone homogeneous, 120;