session of inf^^rior liabitats; so the superior types of societies^ while displacing those inferior types occupyiiKg localities they can utilize^ will not displace inferior types inhabiting barren or inclement localities. Civilized peoples ore unlikely to expel the Esquimaux. The Fuegiana will probably survive^ because their island cannot support a civilized population. It is questionable whether the groups ' of wandering Semites who have for these thousands of years occupied Eastern deserts, will be extruded by societies of higher kinds. And perhaps many steaming malarious re* gions in the Tropics will remain unavailable by races capable of much culture. Hence the domestic, as well as the social, relations proper to the lower varieties of man, are not likely. to become extinct. Polyandry may survive in Thibet; polygyny may prevail throughout the future in parts of Africa; and among the remotest groups of Hyperboreans, mixed and irregular relations of the sexes will probably continue.
It is possible, too, that in certain regions militanqr may persist; and that along with the political relations natural to it there may survive the domestic relations natural to it. Wide tracts, such as those of North-Eastem Asia, unable to support populations dense enough to form industrial societies of advanced types, will perhaps remain the habitats of societies having those imperfect forms of State and Family which go along with offensive and defensive activities.
QmittxDg such surviving inferior types, we may here limit ourselves to types carrying further the evolution which civilized nations now show us. Assuming that among these industrialism will increase and militancy decrease, we have to ask what are the domestic relations likely to co-exist with complete indostmlism* § 339. The monogamic form of the sexual relation is manifestly the ultimate form; and any changes to be anticipated must be in the direction of completion and extension of it. By observing what possibilities there are of greater divergence from the arrangements and habits of the pasti we shall see what modifications are probable.
Many acts that are normal with the nncivilized, are, \n& the civilized^ transgressions and crimes. Promiiscmtyi once unchecked, has been more and more reprobated as societi^ have progressed; abduction of women, originally honourable, is now criminal; the marrying of two or more wives, allowable and creditable in inferior societies, has become in superior societies felonious. Hence, future evolution aloog lines thus far followed, may bo expected to extend the monogamic relation by extingaishing promiscuity, and by suppressing such crimes as bigamy and adultery. Dying' out of the mercantile element in marriage may also be inferred. After wife-stealing came wife-purchase; and tbei followed the usages which made, and continue to make, considerations of property predominate over consideratiois of personal preference. Clearly, wife-purchase and husband-purchase (which exists in some semi-civilized societies), though they have lost their original g^ss forms, persist in disguised forms. Already some disapproval of those who marry for money or position is expressed; and this, growing stronger, may be expected to purify the monogamic union by making it in all cases real instead of being in some cases nominal.
As monogamy is likely to be raised in character by a public sentiment requiring that the legal bond shall not b^ entered into unless it represents the natural bond; so, perhaps, it may be that maintenance of the legal bond will come to be held improper if the natural bond ceases-Already increased facilities for obtaining divorce point to the probability that whereas, in those early stages daring which permanent monogamy was being evolved, the union by law (originally the act of purchase) was regarded as the essential part of marriage and the union by affection as non-essential; and whereas at present the union by law is IX)KE8T[C BETROSPECT AND FBOSPECT. 789 thonght the more impoi*tant and the union by affection the less important; there will come a time when the union by affection will be held of primary moment and the union by law as of secondary moment: whence reprobation of marital relations in which the nnion by affection has dis* solved. That this conclusion will seem unacceptable to most is probable — ^I may say, certain. In passing judgment on any modified arrangement suggested as likely to arise hereafter, nearly all err by considering what would bo likely to i-esult from the supposed change, all other things remaining unchanged. But other things must be assumed to have changed pari passu. Those higher, sentiments accompanying union of the sexes, which do not exist among primitive men, and were less developed in early European times than now (as is shown in the contrast between ancient and modern literatures), may be expected to develop still more as decline of militancy and increase of industrialness foster altruism; for sympathy, which is the root of altruism, is a chief element in these sentiments. Moreover, with an increase of altruism must go a decrease of domestic dissension. Whence, simultaneously, a strengthening of the moral bond and a weakening of the forces tending to destroy it. So that the changes which may further &cilitate divorce under certain conditions, are changes which will make those conditions more and more rare.
There may, too, be anticipated a strengthening of that ancillary bond constituted by joint interest in children. In all societies this is an important factor, and has sometimes great effect among even rude peoples. Valkner remarks that although the Patagonian marriages ^' are at will, yet when once the parties are ag^ed, and have children, they seldom forsake each other, even in extreme old age.'' And this factor must become more efficient in proportion as the solicitude for children becomes greater and more prolonged, as we have seen that it does with progressing civilization, and must continue to do.
790 THE DOMESTIC BEIATIOKS.
Bat leaving open the qaestion wliat modifications of monogamy conducing to increase of real cohesion rath^ Aan nominal cohesion^ are likely to arise^ there is one coodnsion we may draw wifch certainty. Recurring to the three ends to be subaerred in the order of their imporfeanc? — welfare of species, welfare of offspring, welfare of parents; and seeing that in the stages now reached by ciyilized peoples^ welfare of species is effectnally secured in so fcr as maintenance of numbers is concerned; the inaplication is that welfare of offspring must hereafter determine tbe course of domestic evolution. Societies which from generation to generation produce in due abundance individuals who, relatively to tho requirements, are the best physicaJly, morally, and intellectually, must become the predominani societies; and must tend through the quiet process of industrial competition to replace other societies. Consequently, marital relations which fovour this result in the greatest degree, must spread; while the prevailing sentiments and ideas must become so moulded into harmony with them that other relations will be condemned as immoral.
§ 340. If, still guiding ourselves by observing the course of past evolution, we ask what changes in the status of women may be anticipated, the answer must be tha^ ^ further approach towards equality of position between the sexes will take place. With decline of militancy and rfeo of industrialness — with decrease of compulsory co-operation and increase of voluntary co-operation — ^with strengthening sense of personal rights and accompanying sympathetic regard for the personal rights of others; must go ft diminution of the political and domestic disabilities of women, until there remain such only as differences of constitution entail.
; To draw inferences more specific is somewhat hazardous: probabilities and possibilities only can be indicated. While DOMESTIC BBTSOSFECT AND FSOSl'KCT. 791 in some directions the emancipatioii of women has to be carried farther, we may snspect that in other directions their chums have already been pashed beyond the normal limits. If from that stage of primitive degradation in which they 'were habitually stolen, bought and sold, made beasts of burden, inherited as property, and killed at will, we pass to the stage America shows us, in which a lady wanting a seat stares at a gentleman occupying one until he surrenders it, and then takes it without thanking him; we may infer that the rhythm traceable throughout all changes has carried this to an extreme from which there will be a recoil. The like may be said of some other cases: what were originally concessions have come to be claimed as rights, and in gaining the character of assumed rights, have lost much of the grace they had as concessions. Doubtless, however, there will remain in the social relations of men and women, not only observances of a kind called forth by sympathy of the strong for the weak irrespective of sex, and still more called forth by sympathy of the stronger sex for the weaker sex; but also observances which originate in the wish, not consciously formulated but felt, to compensate women for certain disadvantages entailed by their constitutions, and so to equalize the lives of the sexes as far as possible.
In respect of domestic power, the relative position of women will doubtless rise; but it seems improbable that absolute equality with men will be reached. Legal decisions from time to time demanded by marital differences, involving the question which shall yield, are not likely to reverse all past decisions. Evenly though law may balance claims, it will, as the least evil, continue to give, in case of need, supremacy to the husband, as being the more judicially-minded. And, fdmilarly, in the moxal relations of married life, the preponderance of power, resulting from greater massivenass of nature, must, however unobtrusive it may become, continue with the man.
792 THB DOnSTlC RELATIONS.
When we remember that np from the 'lowest savagery civilusatioii has^ among other resnlts^ brought about an increasing exemption of women from bread-winning labour^ and that in the highest societies they have become most restricted to domestic duties and the rearing of children; we may be struck by the anomaly that at the present time restriction to indoor occupations has come to be regarded as a grievanoey and a claim is made to free competition with men in all outdoor occupations. This anomaly is traceable in part to the abnormal excess of women; and obviously a state of things which excludes many women from those natural careers in which they are dependent on men for subsistencey justifies the demand for freedom to pursue independent careers. That any hindrances sti^nding in their way should be, and will be, abolished must be admitted. At the same time it must be contended tliat no considerable alteration in the careers of women in general, can he, or should be, so produced; and further, that any extensive change in the education of women, made with the view of fitting them for businesses and professions, would be mischievous. If women comprehended all that is contained in the domestic sphere, they would ask no other. If they could see all that is implied in the right education of children, to a full conception of which no man has yet riseu, much less any woman, they would seek no higher function.
That in time to come the political statvs of 'vomen may also be rased to something like equality with that of men, seems a deduction naturally accompanying tha preceding ones. But such an approximate equalization, normally accompanying a social structure of the completely industrial type, is not a normal accompaniment of social types still pai*tially militant. Just noting that the giving to men and women equal amounts of political power, while the political responsibilities entailed by war fell upon men only, would involve a serious inequality, and that the desired equality is therefore impracticable while wars continae; it may be contended that though the possession of political power by women would possibly improve a society in which State-regalation had been brought within the limits proper to pure industrialism^ it would injure a society in which State-regulation has the wider range characterizing a more or less militant type. Several influences would conduce to retrogression. The greater respect for authority and weaker sentiment of individual freedom characterizing the feminine nature^ would tend towards the maintenance and multiplication of restraints. Ability to appreciate special and immediate results^ joined with inability to appreciate general and remote results, characterizing the majority of men^ and still more characterizing women^ would^ if women had power^ entail increase of coercive measures for achieving present good, at the cost of future evil caused by excess of control. But there is a more direct reason for anticipating mischief from the exercise of political power by women^ while the industrial form of political regulation is incomplete. We have seen that the welfare of a society requires that the ethics of the Family and the ethics of the State shall be kept distinct.
Under the one the greatest benefits must be given where the merits are the smallest; under the other the benefits must be proportioned to the merits: for the infant unqualified generosity; for the adult citizen absolute justice. The ethics of the family have for their correlatives the parental instincts and sentiments, which^ in the female, are qualified in a smaller degree by other feelings than in the male. Already these emotions proper to parenthood, as they exist in men, lead them to carry the ethics of the Family into the policy of tho State; and the mischief resulting would be increased were these emotions as existing in women, directly to influence that policy. The progress towards justice in social arrangements would be retarded; and demerit would be fostered at the expense of merit still more than now. But in proportion as the conceptions of pure equity be- 794 THK IXnESBTIC SELATIOBra.
oome cleatrer — as fast as ihe regime of Tolantary oo-opeiition develops to Uie full the sentiinent of personal freedom. with a oorrelatiye regard for the like freedom of others— u fast as there is approached a state under i^hich no restrictions upon individual liberty will be tolerated, save those which the eqnal liberties of fellow^cituens entafl — as h& as indostrialism evolves its i^ropiiate political agency, which^ i^ile commissioned to maintain eqiiitable rdatioib ammig citizens, is shorn of all those powers of buiher regalation proper to the militant type; so fast maj the extension of political power to womCTi go on withont evil The moral evolntion which leads to conoession of it, will be the same moral evolntion which renders it harmless and probably beneficial.
§ 341. No very specific conclusions axe to be drawn respecting future changes in the status of children. Parental and filial relations, less regulated in detail by law and custom than all others, have more readily changed under ike isfluence of changed sentiments and ideas, and, while becoming generally liberalized, have become so far varied Utft it is difficult to characterize them.
While an average increase of juvenile freedom is to 1» anticipated, there is reason to think that here and ^iiBt^ it has already gone too fair. I refer to the United Statae. Besides in some cases unduly subordinating the Irres d adults, the degree of independence tiiere allowed to w young, appears to have the effect of bringing them forward prematurely, initiating them too early in the excifcemeni^ proper to maturity, and so tending to exhaust the interesta of life before it is half spent. Such regulation of cbi^°' hood as conduces to full utilization of childish activities sad pleasures before the activities and pleasures of Toxohooa and womanhood are entered upon, is better for ofEspriBg at the same time that it is better for parents.
How far is parental authority to go T and at what DOMESTIC RSTS06PECT AND PBOePECT. 795 sliall political authority check it? are qaestions to be answered in no satisfaotoiy way. Already I have givea reasons for thinking that the powers and functions of parents have been too far assumed by the State; and that probably are-integration of the family will follow its present undne disintegration. It seems possible that from the early form in which social and family organizations are compulsory in character, we are passing through semi-militant, semi-indastrial phases, in which the organizations of both State and fiwnily are partly compulsory, partly voluntary, in character; and that along with complete social re-integration on the basis of voluntary co-operation, will come domestic re-integration of allied kind, under which the life of the family will again become as distinct from the life of the State as it originally was. Still there remain the theoretical difficulties of deciding how far the powers of parents over childiren may be carried; to what extent disregard of parental responsibilities is to be tolerated; when does the child cease to be a unit of the family and become a unit of the State. Practically^ however, these questions will need no solving; since the same changes of character which bring about the highest form of family, will almost universally prevent the rise of difficulties which result from characters of lower types proper to lower societies.
Moreover, there always remains a security. Whatever conduces to the highest welfare of offspring must more and more establish itself, through the replacing of children of inferior parents reared in inferior ways, by children of better parents reared in better ways. As lower creatures at large have been preserved and advanced through the instrumentality of parental instincts; and as in the course of hmnan evolution the domestic relations originating from the need for prolonged care of offspring have been assuming higher forms; and as the care taken of offspring has been becoming greater and more enduring; we need not doubt that in the future, along with the more altruistic nature accoic|>auying a liiglier social tfpe, diere wiD amt r^> tions of paiVDta and duldren -n^^t^^mg ito extenial coctr:'. * ensure their well-woriking.
§ 342. One fnrtlier poasibililj of domestic erolntioa rmains. The last component to show itself among tbefei^ ings which hold the fsmily together^ the care of pareociv oflEspring is the one which has most room for incres^r. Absent in brotes, small among primitire men, conadeno. among the partially civilized, and tolerably strong amr: the best of those around ns, filial affection is a fediog'tk admits of much farther growth, which is needed to make tk cycle of domestic life complete. At present the istter dtp of the old whose married children live away from them, an made dreary by the lack of those remaining pleasure to he derived from the constant society of descendants; bat ^-time will come when this evil will be met by sn ntuctment of odalts to aged parents, which, if not as stroo: as that of parents to children, approaches it in strengih.
Further development in this direction will not, ko'fever, occar under social arrangements which parttti" absolve parents from the care of offspring. A strong^' feeliug to be displayed by child for parent in ^ life, must be established by a closer intimacy between parent and child in early life. No such higher stage is to be reached by walking in the ways followed by the Chinese for these two thousand years. We shall not n« to it by imitating, even partially, the sanguinary MexicaD^^ whose children at the age of four, or sometimes later, were delivered over to be educated by the priests. We shaD lioi improve family-feeling by approaching towards the arrangements of the EooBsa-Kaffirs, among whom "all cWlfl^'' above ten or eleven years old are publicly instructed nnder the inspection of the chief.'' This latest of the Aomestic affections will not be fostered by retrograding towaras customs like those of the Andamanese, and, as esrlf ^^ DOMESTIC BSTfiOSPlCT AND PBOSPSCT. 797 possible^ changing the child of the family into the child of tho tribe. Contrariwise^ such a progress will be achieved only in proportion as both moral and intellectual caltore aro carried on by parents to an extent now rarely attempted. When the unfolding minds of children are no longer thwarted and stunted and deformed, by the mechanical lessons of stupid teachers — when instruction, instead of giving mutual pain, gives mutual pleasure, by ministering in proper order to faculties which are severally eager to appropriate fit knowledge presented in fit forms — ^when ^vitli a wide difEusion of adult culture, joined with rational ideas of teaching, there goes a spontaneous unfolding of the juvenile mind such as is even now occasionally indicated by exceptional facility of acquisition — ^when the earlier stages of education passed through in the domestic circle have become, as they will in ways scarcely dreamed of at present, daily aids to the strengthening of sympathy, intellectual and moral, leaving only the more special cultures to be carried on by others; then will the latter days of life be smoothed by a greater filial care, reciprocating tho greater parental care bestowed in earlier life.
END OP VOL. I.
END OP VOL. I.
NoTB.— On puge 187 will be found a note referring to certain earlier statements, in 1854 and 1870, of my views respecting primitive beliefs. This note contains the words: — " In the meantime the important works of Mr. l^lor and Sir John Lnbbock have establbhed," etc., etc. These words refer to Frimitxve CfuUure, published in 1871; and when the note was written I did not know that any of the ideas contained in that work had been previously set forth by Mr. Tylor. It appears, however, that on several occasions, going back as far as 1866, Mr. Tylor had indicated some of his views. The earlier statements of these, in which Fetishism and Animism are identified, do not concern me; but in tho last, which was simnltaneons with my paper on ** Animal Worship," the ghost-theofy is brought to the front as the primaiy superstition. I had not intended to imply that Mr. l^lor was indebted to me; and I have now to say that his views were as independent of mine as mine were of his.
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX A.
NOTES TO PART I.
\_To avoid over-burdening the text with iUustratiom — even now, per* haps, too numerous — I suppressed many that I might have added: some because they seemed superjluous; some because they were too long. Partly to give the more sinking of these, I make this Appendix; but chiefly to add evidence which has since come to light, verifying certain of the conclusions not adequately supported,^ Primitive Credulity, ^In the genesis of saperstitions, a factor difficult to appreciate safficientlj, is the unqaestioniog faith with which statements are accepted. A case or two may here be given for the pnrpose of displaying the mental nature which fosters absurd beliefs and gives currency to the most grotesque traditions.
Of the Coast Negroes, Winterbottom says (vol. i., p. 255) — *' So strongly are they p«'rauad«d of the efficacy of these meaus of prutection [amnlets, etc.], that an African, a inan of very superior mind, offered to allow a friend of mine, whose accaracy he had jast been praising, to fire at him with a pistol, charged with ball."
Laird and Oldfield tell us of the Inland Negroes (voL ii., p. 10), that a Nuffi woman " imagined that she possessed a maghony (cha^m), which rendered her invnlnerable to all ed^ed tools and cutting instruments. So positive and convinced was she of the efficacy of her charm, that she voluntarily assented to hold her leg whil» some person should strike it with an axe. The king (or chief) of her town, on hearing this, determined to try the power of her charm, and desired the man to take an axe, and see whether this wonderful maghony would protect her from its effects. • • • Her leg was laid upon a block, and a powerful blow given below the knee. * * * To the poor woman's great horror and the terror of all present, her leg flew to the other side of the room."
To this absoluteness of faith in dogmas impressed by seniors daring early life, must be ascribed the readiness with which attendants, wives, and even friends, kill themselves at a funeral that they may join the deceased in the other world. The instance named by Bancroft (vol. L, p. 288) of the Walla Walla chieftain who ^* caused himself to be buried alive in the grave with the last of his five sons,** reminding us of the Fijians and Tannese who go to their voluntary deaths so cheerfully, shows in an extreme degree this mental trait which makes monstrous creeds possible.
Natural Ittusions^r-lu § 53, 1 argued that these probably aid ii *trenzth?nfiig those concqitioiis of Uiii^ which the primidTe leai form^ How thej thus plaj m put, is ^own bj the foUowing ptssa^ from Vwakberfs Stettia of CaOral Asioy pp, 72, 73.
*' A.% «c wtn enming *lie high fiUteaa uf Kaflaii Kir, which fenu pot d U^ort, ranninc tnwvds the Borth-eiat» the horiaoD was often adorsed vnk the BHVt bcaa'ifol FaIm Uor^m. This phcBomciKm is nndoabtedlj to be se>-B in th« sr^'rst perfecrioo is the hot» bat dry, etmospbere of the ia^ of C«*i.trAi Aita, and affjnls the mirt sp*eodid op&eal Dlunons which ooeea iBM.ii«>L I WW always enchanted with th«9e pietarps of citi«fl^ feowcn, «ai ea«'.«^ lUointtg in the air, of va-it earmnsi hOTaeoien engaged in eoshit, lad intJiTidaftl gi<:antfc finn^ which eootiniially disappeared from one place to R* appear in an th<-r. A% for ay nomad eompaniona, they reigaidrd the Bfickboarhooils wb^rt thrae phenomena are obaprrrd with no little awei Aeor.ithi| to th^ir «-kpioion them are Khoats of n:ea and dtiea which fiamKiiy eiiat^ there, and now at eertaia times loU abont in the air.* SUirp nnd Dreanu. — Since I issaed the namher which eontiaj Chapter X., my ftttentioD has beeo drawn by a sabecriber to i Rmarkable snrriTal of the primitire idea that the soul leaves the bodr daring sleep. It is described at p. 56 of a woric oo The Brib^ J^'c^ by the Rer. John Mills.
*' Si««p IS looked npon as a kind of death, when the soul deparCi in^ ^ bolj, h It is restored Sjgain in awaking. Thsrefme the Jew is expected, vks he Awakeis to repeat as follows: — ' 1 acknowledge befon thee^ the Hviag »^ eTerlasting Kiit^ that thon hast refomed my soul to me in thy great latfcr ani f lithfoLnesi.* a • • Whilst asl4*ep^ when the son] is deputed fro* ^^ body, eril spirits aeeoiding to popolar opinion, hsTe rested npon it; enas^ qaen'.Ir, immediately npcn rising, he mnsi wash his hands and fiwe-'* bM of pnrifiAtiun— to cleanae himself from aU imparities of this minor death.''
Beriring Corpses, — ^The Eyrbiggia-Saga sliows that antoni^ oor Scandinarian ancestors there prevailed the primitire notion tluit tiie materia] body, re-animated by its wandering doable^ can leare ^ bnrial-place and work mischief. Here is the condensed passage:— ** After the death of Arakell, Begifbt became again tnnblcnome. and waited far from his tomb to the great terror and damage of the neighboaihood, sUjiiX both heists and domestics, and driving the inhabttants from the csston. It w.«s, therefore, resolved to consume his csreaae witii fire; for • • * 1^ ^ some eril demon in his stead, made n« uf bis mortal reliqnes as a veiucie daring eommission of tbeae enormities. The body was bnmt."
Noting the implied belief, like that which we have fonnd previil^^ among the savage and semi-civilized, that destmction of the body prevents this kind of resnrrection, we may especially mark the fortbtf implied belief, also flinstrated in other cases, that one who gets p<^ of a dead body thereby gets power over the deceased person; for if destmction of the whole paralyzes the ghost entirelj, injury of > part mnst be detrimental to the ghost.
Sorcery. — The relation of the forgoing belief to those pradKCS by which magicians are supposed to raise the dead and control demons, was suggested in § 133. Farther proofs that the Joor^ developed forms of sorcery thus originate, have since come to light. The following passage from Sir George Grey's Polynesian Mytho* logi/j pp. 114-5, implies the anxiety of a son to rescae relics of his father from enchanters.
"Rata, withoat stopping, crept directly towards the fire, and hid himself behind some thick busnes of the Harakeke; he then saw that there were some priests apon the other side of the same bashes, serving at the sacred place, and, to assist themselves in their magical arts, they wt$re making use of the bones of Wohieroa, knocking them together to beat time while they were repeating a powerful incantation, • • • he rushed suddenly upon the prie»t& • • • The boues of his father, Wahiena, were then eagerly snatched up by him; he hastened with them back to the canoe."
From pp. 34-5 of the same work, I qaote another passage, similarly implying the power which possession of a relic gives: — "When the stomach of Muri-ranga-whenua had quietly sunk down to its Qsnal size, her voice was again heard ftaviug, * Art thou Maui I ' and he answered, 'Even so.' Then she auked him, 'Wherefore hast thou served thy old ancestress in this deceitful way? ' and Maui answered, * I was anxious that thy jawbone, by which the great enchantments can be wrought, should be given to me.* She answered, ' Take it, it has been reserved for thee/ And Maui took it, and having done so returned to the place where he and his brethren dwelt."
When with these, and other snch illustrations before given, we join the fact that even still in Italy the people tell of the child that is " kidnapped and buried up to the chin, while the witches torment him to death to make hell-broth of his liver" (Fortnightly Review^ Feb., 1878, p. 220), we cannot, I think, doubt that necromancy, starting with the primitive belief that the spirit of the living person, inhering in all parts of his body, is affected by acting on a detached part of his body, and advancing to the belief that the spirit of the dead person is similarly affected by maltreating a relic, is enforced by the belief that all parts of the body will eventually be needed by the deceased, and that therefore his spirit can be commanded by one who has any part Since putting the above paragraphs in the printer's hands, I have met with evidence even more strongly confirming this view. It is contained in a just-published work. Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo^ by Dr. Henry Rink, translated from the Danish by the author, and edited by Dr. Robert Brown. The following extracts I place iu an order which shows their bearings: — " Some tales sei-m to hint at a belief that the manner in which the body of the deceased is tieated by the survivors influences the condition of his soul." — P. 43. **But a sloiu man is said to have power to avenge bioiself upon the muiderer bj rushing into him, which can only be preventifd by eating a piece of his liver."— P. 45. And then, among the materials necesi»ary for sorcery, are named, first, ** parts of human bodies, or objects that had been in soine way connected with dead bodies."— P. 49.
Here we have the three concurrent ideas — effect on the ghost by action on the body belonging to it; protection against the ghost by incorporating part of the body, and so establishing comnnQDitj; coercion of the ghost by treating part of the body iDJarioasly.