when he is forced to face the world unaided, he has not the assets with which to do it. His equipment is inadequate. The world is full of such floating wrecks, many of which owing to favorable environment never reach a psychiatric clinic. The war brought some interesting cases. One possibly may be mentioned. The draft caught a man thirty-five years of age of robust constitution. The father had died during the infancy of this individual. The mother was distraught and petitioned Congress and the President direct to get him out of the service on the ground that he was ' ' her baby ' ' and that she had had to sleep with him every night since his birth. While the thirty-five- year-old baby was at home the mother kept herself well groomed and was generally alert and cheerful. After his entrance" into the service she grew slovenly and despondent. Having some wealth and influence she finally succeeded in getting her son discharged, whereupon the happy relationship was again resumed. Without much question another six months of life without the son.vould have brought the mother to a clinic. Both of these individuals have diseased personalities as ravaging in their effects as tuber- culosis or cancer. But it is futile to hunt for any organic disturbance. They are in the state they are in because of the kinds of adjustment which were never put aside at normal times. The proof that personality disturbances are due to long-continued behavior complications and not to organic disturbances appears from the fact that in many cases, under new and suitable environ- ment the old reactions can be broken down and new ones entrained. The individual is made over from a reaction stand- point and takes his normal place in society. The re-training ("cure"), although more difficult, is neither more nor less mys- terious and wonderful than teaching the infant to reach for candy and to withdraw his hand from a candle flame.
Concluding Statements. — Our personality is thus the result of what we start with and what we have lived through. It is the "reaction mass" as a whole. The largest component of the mass if we are normal consists of clean-cut and definite habit systems, instincts that have 3rielded to social control and emotions which have been tempered and modified by the hard knocks received in the school of reality.
INDEX Acquisition and possession, 254 of complex material, 339 of habits, factors affecting, 385 of skill in archery, 284 Activity, prediction of, 1 emotional, level of, 197 implicit, 274 overt, 273 thought, 331 timing of, 294 unitary, 272 Acts, determiners of, 298 Adaptability, social, 401 Addison's disease, 188 Adjustment, kinaesthetic-motor, 59, nature of, 271 partial, 288 Adolescent habits, discarding of, 415 Adrenal gland, removal of, 188 Adrenin, administration of, 189 specific effect of, 221 Age, effect of, 388 Alcohol, distribution of, 363 effect of, 360 All-or-none law, 119 Altitude, effect on handwriting, 376 Amsden, 398 Anderson, 292 Arithmetic, subvocal, 355 Army, Alpha test of, 24 Association areas, 149 word reaction, 208 Attachments, emotional, 211 Attitudes, emotional, 216 Auditory stimulation, theory of, 84 Autacoid, 182 of thyroid, 187 Autonomic system, 154 Avoiding candle flame, 278 Axone, 113 B Babinski reflex, 245 Balancing factors, 403 BaMo, Camilla, 409 Basal ganglia, 132 Bateman, 322 Bean, 343 Beats, 77 Bechterew, 29 Behavior, control of, 3 general level of, 399 Bennett, Arnold, 395 Bergson, 410 Bias, personal, 402 Biological characteristics, as person- ality guide, 408 Blinking, 245 Blood sugar, resulting from emotional stimulation, 210 Bodily habits, explicit, retention of, Brain, base of, 127 convex surface, 133 gross features, 126 peripheral neurones of, 139 stem, 129 vertical median section of, 130 Bryan, 340 Bush, 367 INDEX Caffeine, effect of, 365 Canal, semicircular, 61 Caudate nucleus, 134 Cell, from spinal ganglion, 116 from ventral horn, 114 olfactory, 74 various types of, 117 Cerebellum, 126 Cerebrospinal system, 122 Cerebral hemispheres, 134 Chapman, 353 Character, 392 "experts," 407 Charlatan, character reading type, 409 Charlatanism, 333 Childhood, first thirty days, 236 Cleveland, 303 Climate, effect of, 369 Cocaine, effect of, 368 Cochlea, 81 Cold spots, paradoxical arousal of, 53 Collecting, 255 Colliculus, inferior, 131 superior, 131 Color theory, 96 Combination tones, theory of, 78 Common sense, a genuine psy- chology, 7 Compensation, smell, 72 Cones, action of, 104 Conditioned fear reactions, 212 reflexes, psychological use of, 35 Conditions, optimum for work, 370 Conradi, 319 Contrast, successive and simulta- neous, 91 Control, with aid of instrumentation, 26 Conversation, as guide to personality, Convolutions, cerebral, 134 Coover, 289 Cords, vocal, 314 Corpora quadrigemina, 131 Corpus collosum, 133 Cortex, 134 connection with lower centers, 150 Corti, organ of, 83 Crawling, 246 Cr4pieux-Jamin, 409, 410 Crista acustica, 60 Cross education, 288 Curve of work, effect of climate upon, factors affecting, 379 Czermak, 316 D Davies, 139 Day dreaming, 327 Dearborn, Walter, 387 Decussation, sensory, 143 Dendrite, 113 Detachments, emotional, 211 Determiners of acts, 298 Dexter, 372 Differential sensitivity, 36 Distraction, effect of upon work, 380 Disturbance of personality, 392 Dodge, 361 Dreams, 209 Drever, 322 Drugs, effect of, 359 Ductless glands, excitation of, 219 Dunlap, 373 Dynamometer test, 379 E Ear, structure of, 79 Education, cross, 288 Efficiency, diurnal course of, 377 relative, of the two sexes, 381 Emotion, control of, 229 definition of, 195 INDEX Emotion, experimental study of, 198, genetic study of, 198 physiological study of, 218 practical study of, 226 retraining of, 229.
role in daily life, 223 Emotional outlets, 214 Emotions, consolidated with instinct and habit, 216 Endocrine glands, 183 Endolymph, 60 End-organs, cutaneous, 55 kinsesthetic, 59 Ergograph, 166, 357 Experiment, the setting of, 27 Eye, coats of, 100 muscles of, 106 structure of, 98 Fabre, 25 Factors, balancing, 403 Fast, prolonged, 378 Fatigue, curve of, 167 not a serviceable concept, 349 products of, 168 Fear, 280 stimulus to, 199 Fere, 366 Fighting, 257 Fissure, parietal occipitalis, 135 Rolando, 135 Sylvian, 135 Fixation, of habits, 293 Flint, 257 Forgetting, curve of, 344 Forms, of thought, 324 logical, 329 Foster, 289 Fracker, 289 Franklin, Mrs. Christine, 97 Free association method, 208 Freeman, 336 Freud, 199 Friendship, 395 Function, arithmetical, subvocal, 356 continuous exercise of, 359 definition of, 348 language, 336 Functional periodicity, 384 Functions, manual, 357 G Gait, 406 Ganglia, spinal, 138 sympathetic, 155 Gates, 377 Genesis of eye-hand coordination, 275 Gesture, 406 Gilbert, 289 Gland, pineal, 191 pituitary, 190 Glands, 174 adrenal, 187 duct, 175 ductless, 181 parathyroid, 184 parotid, 176 salivary, 175 sexual, 192 of stomach, 177 thyroid, 183 Glycogen, formation of, 190 Glycosuria, 219 Goddard, 45 Grasping, habit of, 276 Grasping reflex, 240 Gregariousness, 258 Groos, 261 H Habit, definition of, 273 distortion, psychological aspects of.
disturbance, 412 experimentally produced, 412 fixation, 293 nature of, 270 INDEX Habit, neural basis of, 295 systems and drugs, 359 types of, 273 Habitation, 256 Habits, early language, 319 early vocal, 318 effect of age upon, 385 explicit, acquisition of, 275 bodily, 269 general summary of, 308 formation of in adults, 281 implicit language, 322 language, 310 formation of, 317 laryngeal, formation of, 341 partial, 286 simultaneous formation of, 385 function of, 291 Hall, 411 Hallucinations, visual, 111 Handedness, 241 Handwriting, and personality, 409 differences in, 406 legibility of, 375 Harter, 340 Head, 139 Healy, 45 Hecht, 377 Hellsten, 361 Helmholtz, theory of audition, 85 Hering, 97 Herrick, 139 Hoarding, 255 Hoch, 398 Hodge, 121 Hollingworth, 365, 377 Hollingworth, Mrs. H. L., 384 Hormone, definition of, 182 Horopter, 107 Hubbert, 389 Huey, 336 Humidity, 371 Hunt, 162 Hunting, 254 Huntingdon, 372 Hypnosis, 334 I Illusion, Franklin, 110 MuUer-Lyer, 110 Imitation, 259 Improvement in subvocal arithmetic, Incentive, effect upon habit forma- tion, 385 Individuality, 267 Infant habits, discarding of, 415 Instinct, 231 and reflexes, distinction.between, genetic, study of, 236 maternal, 257 problems in, 234 Instincts, asserted in man, 254 classification of, 234 comments on, 261 inhibition and control of, 262 lack of pattern in, 254 order of appearance, 252 other asserted, 260 role of, 266 social, 259 J K L Lakenan, 390 Langfeld, 378, 379 Language, anatomical basis of, 310 habits, 310 INDEX description of, 313 muscles of, 314 removal of, 316 Law, all-or-none, 119 Laws, formulation of, 2 Learning, of nonsense syllables, 337 of sense material, 337 to shoot the English long-bow, 282 Lemniscus, 143 Lens, crystalline, 100 Levanzin, Agostino, 372, 378, 379 Level, activity, 400 depressed, 198 normal, 198 Liabilities, 397 Light, monochromatic, 87 stimulation, after effects of, 91 Lights, complementary, 90 Lillie, 122 Liver, 179 Lobes of the brain, 135 Lombard, 366 Love, stimulus to, 201 M Macula acustica, 60 Magneff, 345 Mall, 383 Manipulation, 260 Man, overt activity of, 15 March, 377 Maturity, effect upon learning, 388 McDougall, 258 Medicine, in relation to psychology, 21 Medulla oblongata, 126 Memory, 301 behaviorist's definition of, 304 connotation of, 303 improvement of, 345 Memory of language habits, 342 results of experiment, 305 Merlatti, 379 Method, of recording finger move- ments, 33 whole versus part, 385 Methods, conditioned reflex, 28 to determine the level of behavior, 44 efficiency, 381 objective, 37 of studying personality, 405 of testing, 43 psychological, 24 scientific contrasted with prac- tical procedure, 16 verbal report, 38 Meyer, Adolf, 398 Migration, 256 Modes of response, hereditary, 194 Montgomery, 411 Morgan, J.J.B., 380 Morgan, Lloyd, 198 Mosso, 166 Motor area in cortex, 148 Movements, arm and wrist, 237 defensive, 242 swimming, 243 Muscle, smooth, 172 action of, 173 nerve supply of, 173 tone, 168 Muscles, neural endings in, 161 striped, 160 Muscular activity, nature of, 163 fatigue, products in, 359 contraction, simple, 163 tetanic, 165 Mystics, Freudian, 396 N Neural, action, 120 impulse, nature of, 121 Neurology, in relation to psychology, 19 INDEX Neurones, ascending, 141 association, 128 commissural, 128 cranial, ascending pathway of, 144 projection, 128 Nerve, description of, 137 root, afferent, 138 ventral, 138 Nerves, cranial, 139 of special sense, course of, 146 Nervous system, unit of, 113 Nissl, 121 Nolan, 353 Non-homogeneous light, 94 Nonsense syllables, 336 effect of changing order of, 338 No-practice, effect of on laryngeal habits, 342 Nursing, 238 Nystagmus, 62 O Observation, unaided, 25 Olfactory bulb, 147 Organism at work, 348 Organ, olfactory, 73 Otologist, 302 Overlearning, 345 Oxygen deficiency, 372 effect on handwriting, 374 lack of, 369 P Pancreas, 178, 192 Parallelism, 351 Parotid gland, collection of secretion from, 30 Pathways, formation of, 272 Part reactions, 392 Partridge, 265 Patterns, emotional, 206 Pavlow, 29 Pearl, 362 Peculiarities, 402 Peckhams, The, 25 Peduncles, cerebellar, 126 Peduncles, cerebral, 131 Perilymph, 60 Personality, 392 and handwriting, 409 a result of total life processes, 420 and sex, 395 behavioristic conception of, 396 confusion in concept of, 394 diseases of, 419 effect of habit disturbances upon, inferences, 394 judged from photographs, 406 multiple, 292 rapid methods of studying, 405 study and the laboratory, 404 systematic study of, 398 Pharynx, 311 Phenomena in light stimulation, 93 Phrenology 408 Physics in relation to psychology, 18 Physiology in relation to psychology, 19 Pintner, 45 Play, 260 emotional forms of, 331 Plummer, 187 Poffenberger, 368 Pons, 126 Practice, diminishing returns from, periods of no, 301 Prisms, effect of wearing on visual habits, 413 Projection areas, 148 Psychiatry, and the study of habit distortion, 418 Psycho-galvanic reflex, 210 Psychology, ancient origin of, 2 a science of behavior, 1 fields of, 18 in every-day use, 2 preparation for, 23 relation to other sciences, 18 INDEX Ptyalin, action of, 177 Pyramidal tract, 150, 152 Q Questionary, emotional, 210 R Radossawljeiuitsch, 343 Rage, stimulus to, 200 Ramon y Cajal, 103 Reaching, for candle, 278 for candy, 275 Reaction, adequate, 290 control of, 4 emotional, early types of, 199 systems, discarding of, 415 Reactors, types of, 332 Recapitulation theory, 266 Receptors, 48 Recreation, 401 Reflex arc, 117 diagram of, 118 Reflex arcs, allied, 169 functioning of, 169 latent time in, 171 Babinski, 245 defensive of the eyes, 232 grasping, 240 Reflexes, antagonistic, 170 conditioned in child, 269 conditioned, characteristics of, 34 motor, 32 salivary, 29 secretion, 29 Rejatt, 307 Relaxation, 367 concept of, 363 Renan, 410 Response, classification of, 14 emotional, methods employed in, explicit habit, 14 general nature of, 11 hereditary, 14 motor and glandular indicators, 13 Responses, early reflex and instinc- tive, 317 sensory, 236 Rest, periods of, 358 Retention, 301 of nonsense material, 343 of sense material, 343 Retina, 101 exposure to monochromatic light, 89 peripheral, 92 Rods, action of, 104 Rod vision, 95 S Saccule, 63 Scales, Binet-Simon, 45 Schaefer, 182 Schenck, 97 Schneider, 254 Scientific psychology, subject matter Scripture, 316 Secretion, internal, 181 thyroid, 186 Sense organ, auditory, 75 cutaneous, 50 equilibrium, 60 kinsesthetic, 58 olfactory, 70 organic, 64 pain, 54 pressure, 54 taste, 67 temperature, 50 vision, 86 Sex differentiation, 381 in children, 382 life, organized, 401 Shock, effect of emotional stimulus, Slips, of word or pen, 209 'Skin, as excretory organ, 180 Snyder, 390 Sounds, infant, 317 INDEX Spinal cord, 124 connection with cerebellum, 142 cortex, 142 medulla, 142 thalamus, 144 membranes of, 125 peripheral neurones of, 137 Sports, 401 Spurt, end, 352 initial, 352 Staleness, 302 Standards, conventional, 402 Starling, 182 State, post-emotional, 223 Stereoscope, 109 Stimuli, cutaneous, 50 noise, 76 olfactory, classification of, 71 organic, 66 summation of, 165 tonal, 76 visual, 86 Stimulus, and response, 9 data on, 4 to sense of equilibrium, 60 use of term, 10 Stockard, 362 Stratton, 412, 414 Strychnine, effect of, 367 Substitution, 418 of stimuli, 211 Sued, 379 Suggestion, 333 Surgeons, flight, 302 Survey, general, of instinctive and emotional equipment, 399 Swimming movements, 243 Synapse, 118 Sympathetic, neurones, distribution nervous system, 154 Sympathetic, afferent, connections of, control of, 156 divisions of, 158 System, cerebrospinal, 122 Systems, habit, visual, 108 Tanner, 379 Taste buds, 67 Tendencies, positive and negative, 248 theory of, 249 Terman, 45 Test, of special ability, 46 research and statistical work in, 46 Thalamus, 132 Thorndike, 47,198, 254, 257, 289, 290, forms of, 329 Threshold, 52 Thyroxin, 187 Tobacco, effect of, 366 Tones, combination, 78 Tongue, 68 Trabue, 24 Tracts, descending, 152 Training, transfer of, 289 Transfer, in language function, 341 Trotter, 139 Typewriting, effect of caffeine on, 366 U Ulrich, 388 Utricle, 63 Ventilation, 369 Vision, binocular, 105 untrustworthiness of, 110 single, 107 twilight, 95 Vocabulary, 323, Vocal cords, 314 i Voice, 406 INDEX 429 W Whole reactions, 392 War Department, nystagmus tests of, Woman, mysteriousness of, 329 Warming up, 352 Word, the, as a stimulus, 333 Wave length, a factor in adjustment, Work, constructive, 330 Weather, effect of, 372 general habits of, 400 White light, phenomena appearing in, Y -P •P W CD JB ra -P OHM o w V Cvi H »TS University of Toronto library DO NOT REMOVE THE CARD FROM THIS POCKET Acme Library Card Pocket Under Pat "Ref. 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