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Mare Liberum (The Freedom of the Seas)

Hugo Grotius

Language:
English
Status:
Complete work
Authorship:
Written by the author
Condition of the text:
No scanning noise detected (automatic measure over the whole text, not checked by hand)
Extent:
~50,700 words · 241 passages
Cite this work
  • APAHugo Grotius. (n.d.). Mare Liberum (The Freedom of the Seas). Digital reproduction: SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/en/works/hugo-grotius/mare-liberum-the-freedom-of-the-seas
  • MLAHugo Grotius. Mare Liberum (The Freedom of the Seas). Digital reproduction, SigPhi, https://sigphiai.com/en/works/hugo-grotius/mare-liberum-the-freedom-of-the-seas.
  • ChicagoHugo Grotius. Mare Liberum (The Freedom of the Seas). Digital reproduction, SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/en/works/hugo-grotius/mare-liberum-the-freedom-of-the-seas.

Reference to the edition that SigPhi reproduces: SigPhi is its digital reproduction, not its publisher. The edition's year is not in the metadata (hence "n.d."), and the translator appears only when recorded.

What it is about

Mare Liberum (1609): the freedom of the seas.

Context and history

Grotius, at twenty-six, argues that the sea belongs to no one and that anyone may sail and trade on it. The commission came from the Dutch East India Company and served against the Portuguese monopoly, but the argument outlived the occasion: it is one of the foundations of modern international law.

Editorial context, not a citable source: unlike the passages of the work itself, these statements cannot be checked against the corpus.

How it begins
Sed contra exstiterunt nullo non saeculo viri liberi, sapientes, religiosi, qui falsam hanc persuasionem animis simplicium evellerent ceteros autem eius defensores impudentiae convincerent. Deum quippe esse monstrabant conditorem rectoremque universi, imprimis autem humanae naturae parentem, quam ideo, non uti cetera animantia, in species diversas, variaque discrimina segregasset, sed unius esse generis, una etiam appellatione voluisset contineri, TO THE RULERS AND TO THE FREE AND INDEPENDENT NATIONS OF CHRISTENDOM The delusion is as old as it is detestable with which many men, especially those who by their wealth and power exercise the greatest influence, persuade themselves, or as I rather believe, try to persuade themselves, that justice and injustice are distinguished the one from the other not by their own nature, but in some fashion merely by the opinion and the custom of mankind. Those men therefore think that both the laws and the semblance of equity were devised for the sole purpose of repressing the dissensions and rebellions of those persons born in a subordinate position, affirming meanwhile that they themselves, being placed in a high position, ought to dispense all justice in accordance with their own good pleasure, and that their pleasure ought to be bounded only by their own view of what is expedient. This opinion, absurd and unnatural as it clearly is, has gained considerable currency; but this should by no means occasion surprise, inasmuch as there has to be taken into consideration not only the common frailty of the human race by which we pursue not only vices and their purveyors, but also the arts of flatterers, to whom power is always exposed.

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