The subject of paragraph i is really continued on p. 159, 28-p. 160, 5, and Freudenthal held that these lines have got misplaced somehow, as they would fit in very well if placed immediately after p. 158, 2, while they are irrelevant in their actual context.
157, 24^. In Ethics, II. vii. Schol., Spinoza says: "The [so-called] thinking substance and the [so-called] extended substance are really one and the same substance, which is comprehended now under this, now under that attribute. Similarly, a mode of extension and the idea of that mode are one and the same thing, only" expressed in two ways; a truth which certain Hebrews appear to have seen as if through a cloud, for they state, namely, that God, the intellect of God, and the things which are apprehended by that intellect are one and the same thing."
158, 4 ff. Cf. pp. 69 (lines 26 ff.), 121 ff.
158, 7 ff. Cf. p. 79 (lines 8 ff.), and Ethics, III. vi. /.
158, ii ff. Cf. pp. 127 ff. notes.
159, 6. Realiter is not quite accurate here; it is used in a wider sense or from a Cartesian point of view, accord ing to which " things " and " souls " are substances, which are therefore different realiter.
159, 9. " Essence" — that is, of the soul.
159, 16 /. That is, he does not say " which exists as a material (or extended) thing.1' 159, 24. "As regards their existence." Dutch, na haar wezentlijkheyt. The Latin was most probably realiter. Attributes do not differ realiter ', because a distinctio realis is only between different substances. The attributes, however, though distinct, are not distinct substances, nor are they supported by distinct substances; they are their own " subjects " or substrates (that is to say, they need no other " subjects " for their support), and together they constitute the one and only " Substance."
159, 28 ff. See note to 157, 14 ff. (top of this page).
Q2 160, 20. " Which really exists in Nature." The stress laid on this clause will only be understood after a careful reading of the whole paragraph, omitting p. 159, 28-p. 160, 5. So long as Extension and the other Attributes do not evolve particular modes having duration in time (existence), so long also there is only the Attribute Thought as an Attribute, and there are no individual " Ideas " or "Souls." "Souls" are only evolved out of the Attribute Thought in so far as particular " modes " (bodies, &c.) of the other Attributes come into existence.
160, 26 /. Spinoza generally distinguishes between the attribute Thought and its infinite mode or Idea, Under standing. B must be wrong here.
161, 6 ff. Cf. notes 7-14 on pp. 63 ff. These notes show a further development of the ideas in the present paragraph, and are most probably later additions.
162, 13 ff. The concluding sentences really contain a very brief synopsis of the plan which Spinoza followed in the second part of the Ethics, where (as Sigwart has pointed out) propositions xi.-xix. are devoted to the consideration of the idea corporis and idea affectionum corporis, xx.-xxiii. to the idea idea ( = idea reflexiva), xxiv.-xxxi. to senseexperience, xxxii.-xxxvi. to adequate and inadequate ideas, xxxviii. ff. to reasoned knowledge, &c. The conclusion of the Short Treatise thus directs our attention to the Ethics.
ABRAHAMS, I., xx f cause, 48 f Act of Seclusion, Ixxvi Activity, 146 Akiba, 235 Albertus Magnus, xxvii Alexander Aphrodisiensis, 197 Alva, xiv Amsterdam, first Jews in, xv Aniellos, Thomas, xxix " Animal spirits," see " Vital spirits " A posteriori proofs of God's exist Aristotle, xxvii, xxxii, 50, 70, 112, Armada, the, xv Arminius, xli Arnold, M., 1 " Attribute or substance," 34, 52, Augustine, 200 Avenarius, R., cxxv, cxxvii, 176, Averroes, 200 Aversion, 82 ff, 210 Awe of God, 116 Balling, 1, liii, cxvi, cxxiv Baltzer, A., cxxvii Barlaeus, C., xxvii Barneveldt, xli, Ixxv Believer, 68 Bell illustration, 1 1 3 Beuningen, van, Ixix ff Berkeley, 169 Bible, allusions to the, 42, 141, 211, Bible, Spinoza's translation of the, Ixxxiv Blyenbergh, Ixxii f Body, 63 ff, 107, 121 ff, 133 ff, Bogaers, A., cvi Boldness, 90 ff, 214 Bouwmeister, Ixviii Boyle, R., Ixiii, Ixv, Ixxi, xc, xciii Browning, R., 226 Burgersdijck, xxxi, 179, 190 ff, Burnet, Bishop, Ixxxvii Busse, L., cxxvii Calculation of Chances, Essay on the, Ixxxiv Casearius, lii, Ixii, Ixvi Casseres, S. de, xviii, xxiii, xxxviii Change, 20 Charles II., Ixxi, Ixxvi, Ixxxv Charles V., Emperor, xiii Christians, 72 f Christina, Queen of Sweden, xxvii Clauberg, 188, 194 Clear knowledge, see Knowledge Clothes, Spinoza on, 97, 218 Coccejus, Ixii Cogitata Metaphysica, see Meta physical Thoughts Cold, 161 Coleridge, cii Colerus, xxix, xxxi, Ixxxi, c, cv, 218 Collegiants, xxxvi, xli, Ivi, Ixii Conceit, 87 ff, 212 Conde, Prince, Ixxxvii f Confusion in Nature, 50 Conscience, 84 Cossack persecutions, xliii f Costa, Uriel da, xxxiv, xlii f Courage, 90 f, 93 Creation, xxxv, 23, 57, 108, 173, Cromwell, xxvii, Ixiii, Ixxvi Culpable humility, 87 f, 212 DEFINITION, rules of, 52 ff, 65 f Delmedigo, xxxiv Depression, fits of, 122 Derision, 95, 215 f Descartes, xxxv, xlix ff, Ivi f, Ixiv f, Ixxv, xc, cxxvi, 55, 166 ff, 177 ff, Deurhoff, W., cviii, cxv f Devils, civ f, cxxvi, 116, 143 f, 234 Divine laws, 139 Divine revelation, 141 Divine service, 116 f Division, 28 f Dream, 103 Duff, R. A., cxxviii Duns Scotus, xxvii, 169, 197 Duration as involving continuous creation, 108, 224 EFFICIENT cause, 41, 191 ff Eliot, George, 215 Elisha ben Abuyali, xlvii Elizabeth, Queen, xv Enden, Clara van den, xxxix, li Enden, F. van den, xxxi f, xxxix f, li, Ixxxvi, cxxvi Endgeest, Ivi Episcopius, xxviii Erasmus, 36 ff and attributes, 26 and perfection, 83, 116, 143 Eternal laws, 140 Eternity, 167 Ethics, Spinoza's, Ixvii f, Ixx ff, Ixxx, Ixxxiii f, xcii ff, ciii ff, 172, 175 ff 184, 186 ff, 195 ff, 200 ff. 208 ff Euripides, xxvii Ex nihilo nihil fit, 108 " Extraneous denomination," 31, Fear of God, 116 Felbinger, xxx Ferdinand and Isabella, xii Final causes, xxxv end of things, 117 First cause, 42, 194 Fischer, Kuno, cxxviii Fish, parable of the, 145, 235 Free will, 105 ff GALILEO, xxxiv Garden of Flowers, A, Ixxx Gebhardt, C., cxxviii, 204 General ideas, 50, 59, 106 ff Generation and creation, 23 Geometric method, Ixv f, Ixviii, Gersonides, xxxiii, xxxv the immanence of, 30, 179 God's love of man. 138 ff Godliness, 143 Goethe, cii Good and evil, liii ff, 44 f, 51, 54, Grace, cxxvi, 1 1 8 Greed, 98 Gresham College, Ixii f Grotius, xxvii ft, xli Guide of the Perplexed, The, xxxiii, xcix, &c. See Maimonides HALLMANN, civ, cxvii, 165, 234 Hatchet, parable of the, 117 Hatred, 33, 72, 82 ff, 100, 121 ff, Hearsay, 67 f, 71 Heat, 161 Hebrew Grammar, Spinoza's, Ixxxiv, xcvii Heereboord, xxxi, 190, 193, 195, Heidelberg professorship, Ixxxix Heine, xix, xcvii Hell, 116 " Higher criticism " of the Bible, xxxiii Homan, Ivi Homo Politicus, xcix Honour, liv, 79 Hudde, Ixix f Human happiness, 118 ff, 133 Human laws, 139 f Human weakness, 79 Huygens, xlix, Ixii, Ixix ff, xc Hypocrites, 87 f IBN EZRA, xxi, xxxii f, xxxv Ibn Gabirol, xxvii Impulse, 124 Inciting cause, 42, 194 Indignation, 95, 217 Infinite idea, 158, 162 Inquisition, the, xii ff, xxv f In sensu composite, 48, 196 f In sensu diviso, 48, 196 f Instrumental cause, 42, 193 " Invisible College," the, Ixiii Jelles, 1 f, liii, Ixvii, xcvii, cv, cxv, cxxiv Jones, R., Ixii Judah the Faithful, xxi Judas, 60 KAMPHUYZEN, Ivi Karl Ludwig, Elector Palatine, Ixxxix LATIN among the Jews, xxx f Law, sin, and grace, cxxvi, 118 Laws of Nature, 139 f, 196 Leibniz, xlix, xc, xciv ff, 169 Lessing, xcvii, cii Leyden, Ivi Light in Dark Places, Ixxx Light on the Candlestick, The, 1 Linde, A. van der, cix Louis XIV., Ixxi, Ixxxv f, Ixxxviii, Luxemburg, Count, Ixxxviii a perfect, 84 and Nature, 140 as the servant of God, 115, 225 Manasseh ben Israel, xxv ff, xxxiv f, xlv, Ixix, cxxvi Maranos, xii f Margaret of Parma, xiv Martineau, J., cxxviii, 164, 183 f, 210 Matter, 119 Mennonites, xxxvi, xli Metaphysical Thoughts, liii, Ixxii, cxvii, cxxiv Meyer, W., cxvi f, cxxvii, 187, 189 f, Milton, Ixiii Miracles, 142 Mochinger, xxxi Modal difference, 153 ff, 220 f, 237 Modaliter, 153 ff Mode, 33, 55 ff, 63 ff, 78, 153, 158 Monnikhoff, cviii ff, 165 f, 190 Morteira, Saul, xxiii, xxv, xxx, cxxvi Motion and rest, 28, 30, 39, 57, 63 ff, Miiller, F., cv f, cix Murr, C. T. de, cv Mylius, J. C., cv Nature = extension, 28 Nature and God, 22, 25 f, 151 f, 156 f Navigation Act, the, Ixxvi Negative theology, 53, 198 Netherlands, the Jews in the, xiii ff Nil volentibus arduum, Hi Non-existence, 44 Noordwijk-aan-Zee, Ivi Nunes, Maria, xv OBJECT, 169 Objective essence, 18, 170 Oblivion, 33 Oldenburg, H., Ixi ff, Ixx ff, xc ff, cxxiii, 236 Opera Posthuma, xcvi, ciii, ex, 165 Opinion, 67 ff, 105, 118, 131, 204 f Ouderkerk or Ouwerkerk, xxv, xlviii f Ovid, 231 Pallache, S., xv f Paul IV., xiii Perfection, 83, 143 Perpetual Edict, the, Ixxxv Perrenot (Cardinal Granvelle), xiii Peter Lombard, 177 Philip II., xiii Philip III., xxv, xl Philo Judaeus, 198 Pleasure, liv, 79, 145 Political Treatise, The, Ixxxiv, xciii f Principal cause, 42, 193 Principia Philosophic Cartesians, Ixvi ff, Ixx, Ixxxvii, xciv, cix f, Rainbow, Essay on the, Ixxxiv, ciii Rationalism of medieval Jews, Regeneration, cxxvi, 135 Regius, 217 Reimmann, J. F., cv Relations, 59 Rembrandt, xxviii f " Remonstrance," the, xli Repentance, 94, 215 Rest, see Motion Revelation, 141 Riches, liv, 79 Rieuwertsz, 1, liii, Ixviii, xcvi, ciii, cxvii, 165 Rijnsburg, Iv ff, Ixviii Rijnsburgers, Ivi, Ixii Rivaud, A., cxxviii Robinson, L., 217 Royal Society, the, Ixii f, Ixxi f Rule of three, the, 67 f, 74 Ruyter, de, Ixxxv SABBATAI ZEVI, Ixxii St. Denis, C. de, Ixxix St. Everemont, Seigneur de, Ixxix Sceptics, 88, 212 f Schaarschmidt, C., cxix, cxxvii Schuller, G. H., xc, xciv ft Scorn, 215 Scotus Erigena, 200 Second notion (or intention), 34, i86f Short Treatise, The, liii, Iv, Iviii ff, Ixv, Ixx, xcii, xcix, ciii ff Sigwart, C., cxix, cxxvii f, 169, 176, Silva, S. da, xxxiv, xlii f Sin, law, and grace, cxxvi, 1 1 8 Sobierre, xxviii Socinians, xli Socrates, 82 " Son of God," cxxvi, 57, 134, 160, Spain and Portugal, the Jews in, xiff Spinoza, his birth, xi his parentage, xvi ff his home life, xviii ff his education, xxiv ff his excommunication, xlv f his friends, xlix ff Spinoza-lane, Ivi Spinoza Museum, frontispiece, Ivii, xcvi Spinoza, statue of, xcvii Spirits, see Vital spirits Spyck, H. van der, Ixxxiii, Ixxxvi, Ixxxviii, xcv f, xcix Stolle, G., civ f, cxvii Stoupe, Ixxxvii f Substance not passive, 29 f Substance or attribute, 29, 32, 34, " Substantial " extension and Synod of Dordrecht, the, xli TENNYSON, 226 Terror, 116 Theophilus, 36 ff, 187 io6f Things reveal themselves, 103, Thomas, xciv Titelmann, P., xiv Torquemada, xii Tractatus de Intellectus Emcndatione, xlix, liii ff, Ixi, Ixv, xci, Tractatus Politicus, Ixxxiv, xciii f, xcvi Tractatus Theologico - Politicus, Ixxiv ff, Ixxxi ff, Ixxxvii, xci, xciv, xcix, cix, cxvi f, 180, 195 f, Transeunt cause, 34, 41, 179 Trendelenburg, A., cxxviii, 190, 225 Triple Alliance, the, Ixxxv True belief, see Belief Tschirnhaus, Ixix, xc f, xciv Turks, xcix, 72 f Tydemann, Ixviii, Ixxix an immanent cause, 30, 34, 180 Union of Utrecht, the, xiv f, xlii Unity of Nature, 26 f, 32 ff Universal cause, 42, 194 f Uzziel, Rabbi, xxvi, xxix Vacuum, 28 Veitch, J., 167 Velen, van, Ixxxi, Ixxxiii Virgil, xxvii Virtue, 234 Vloten, J. van, cvi, cxxvii Voluntas and voluptas, 112, 224 f Voorburg, Ixvii ft Vossius, xxvii ft, Ixix Vries, S. J. de, 1, lii f. Ixviii, Ixxx, Ixxxiii WATER, 29 and " cause," 34 f and " general," 38 William the Silent, xiv f, xl, xlvii William II.. Ixxv f William III., Ixxvi, Ixxxii, Ixxxv f Willis, R., 165 Witt, Jacob de, Ixxvi Witt, Jan de, Ixix, Ixxi, Ixxv ft, Ixxxii, Ixxxiv ft, xciii Wolf, L., xxx Wordsworth, cii Worship, 1 1 6 Wrath, 143 ZACUTO, M., xxii, xxxi Printed by BALLANTYNE &" Co., LIMITED Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London BY RUDOLF EUCKEN THE MEANING AND VALUE OF LIFE TRANSLATED BY W. R. BOYCE GIBSON, M.A., AND LUCY JUDGE GIBSON Crown 8vo, cloth, price 3s. 6d. net (post free, price 35. gd.)
" The works of Professor Eucken, of Jena, have aroused much interest in England, and those who wish to understand him will find the present book well adapted as an introduction.to his philosophy of practical spiritual idealism. The original appeared last year and had a very large sale."
The Times.
OTHER BOOKS BY W. R. BOTCE GIBSON, M.A. RUDOLF EUCKEN'S PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE SECOND EDITION. WITH FRONTISPIECE PORTRAIT OF RUDOLF EUCKEN Crown 8vo, cloth, price 3s. 6d. net (post free, 33. gd.)
" No reader should fail to find pleasure in a book so full of fresh and stimulating thought, expressed with great felicity of language." — The Scottish Review.
" It is done with just the proper combination of sympathy and criticism." —The British Weekly.
THE PROBLEM OF LOGIC Demy 8vo, cloth, price 12s. 6d. net (post free, 133.)
" An invaluable work which at once supersedes older books on logic, and is likely to take its place, in this country at least, as the standard text-book on the subject." — The Scottish Review.
" We have no doubt that the work will take its place among the standard monuments of logical thought and inquiry." — The Manchester Courier.
GOD WITH US A STUDY IN RELIGIOUS IDEALISM Crown 8vo, cloth, price 3s. 6d. net (post free, 33. gd.)
"No mere summary of contents can give a true account of the worth of this volume. Mr. Gibson is a seeker on the quest, and his work has the freshness and stimulating power which only one on the trail can give. It is a book sure to be widely read." — The Aberdeen Journal.
" It must be counted a work well done and worthy of the doing. It is a fine example of the art of close reasoning." — The Academy.
PUBLISHED BY ADAM & CHARLES BLACK • SOHO SQUAKE •• LONDON, W.
NATURALISM AND AGNOSTICISM THE GIFFORD LECTURES DELIVERED BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN IN THE YEARS By JAMES WARD, Sc.D.
Hon. LL.D. Edinburgh, Professor of Mental Philosophy and Logic in the University of Cambridge.
Third Edition,Revised. In Two Volumes, demy Svo, cloth, price I8/- net (post free 18/6) This work (consisting of five parts) seeks to show that the union of Naturalism and Agnosticism which constitutes " modern scientific thought," though it has led to a widespread prejudice against Idealism and so against Theism, has yet really promoted the interest of both.
"It cannot be doubted that it will have a wide influence on the higher thought of the country, and may even do something to restore to philosophy the pre-eminent place it once occupied in English thought." — Athenteum.
NATURAL AND SOCIAL MORALS By CARVETH READ, M.A.
Grote Professor of Philosophy in the University of London, Author of " The Metaphysics of Nature."
Demy 8vo, cloth, price 7/6 net (post free, 7/io).
This is an attempt to explain the principles of morality in as close a relation as possible to human life. It takes account of the historical systems of ethics, of recent researches into the development of the human race, and of our present circumstances. The first Book shows how our ideas con cerning conduct and the good are influenced by social relations, individual character, and our place in the physical and animal world, and under what conditions it is possible to treat Morality as the subject of a natural science. The second Book shows that social institutions are necessary to the good life, but often react upon it injuriously. It discusses the effect upon morality of Customs, the Family, the State, Religion, and the Fine Arts, in order to understand the actual difficulties of conduct.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR THE METAPHYSICS OF NATURE Second Edition, demy Svo, cloth, price 7/6 net (post free, 7/io).
"A book which must be ranked among the most important of recent years."— Nature.
" A singularly important contribution it is to the critical and philosophic theory of our time." — Pall Mall Gazette.
PUBLISHED BY ADAM & CHARLES BLACK • SOHO S£UAR£ • LONDON, W.
DATE DUE II SPINOZA Spinoza's short treatise on d, man and his well-being B mm.