Note — The i\ caponed foicc ot the state constitutes its standing aiiiiy The sjiecific function ot defending the state must be iiiti listed to a sepaiale class This piocecdiug IS due to the same necessity by which each of the otliei paiticulai elements, luteiests, oi affaiis, has a sepaiate place, as in inaiiiage, the industrul class, the business class, and the politn al class Theoiizing, which waudeis up and down with its leasons, goes about to contemplate the greatei advantages or the gieatei disadvantages ot a standing aimy Meie opinion decides against an army, because the conception of the matter is harder to understand than aie sepaiate and external sides. Another reason is that the interests and aims of particularity, expenses, consequent bighei taxation, etc, aie counted of greatei concern by the civic community than is the absolutely necessary. On this view the necessary is valuable IHE PHILOSOPHY OF RIGHT only as a means to the preservation of the vaiious sjiecial cmc interests 327 Braieiy taken hv itself is a formal virtue, since in it freedom is farthest icmoied from all special aims, possessions, and en-|oymoiits, and even fiom life But it involves a negation oi leiiuiuiatioii of oiilv evteinal lealities, and does not caiivivith it a completion of the s]iiiitual natuie Thus, the senliment of coinage may ho based ujion any one of a variety of giouiids, and its aetiial result may be uot for the brave themselves, but only for others Addition — The mihtaiy class is the class of iiniveisality To it are assigned the defence of the sl.ite and the duty of bunging into existence the ideality iin])hi it in ilself In othei woids it must saciifiee itseli Biaieii is, it is tiue, of different soits The couiage of the animal, or Ihe lobber, the biaveiy due to a sciisi* of honoiii, the braveiv of chivahy, are not let the tiiie foims of it Tine biaverv in civilized peoples consists in a leadmoss to offer up oneself in the seiiiee of the state, so that the indnidiial counts only as one amongst inaiiv Not personal fearlessness, but the taking of one’s place in a iiiiiveisal cause, is the valuable featui e of it In India five hundicd men conquered tiventv thousand, ivho ivcie bv no means cowaidlv but laclced the souse of co-opeiation 328 The content of biaverv as a sentiment is found in the tiiie absolute final end. the soveroigntv of the state Braieiv realizes this end, and in so doing gives uji personal lealitv Hence, in this feeling are found the most rigorous and direct antagomsms There is present in it a selfsacrifice, which IS yet the existence of freedom In it is found the highest self-control or independence, which yet in its existence submits to the mechanism of an external Older and a life of service. An utter obedience or oomjilcte abnegation of one’s own opinion and leasoumgs, even an abseui e <jf one’s own spirit, is coupled with the mo't THE STATE THE STATE intense and comprehensive direct presence of the spiiit and of resolution The most hostile and hence most personal attitude towards individuals is allied with perfect indifference, or even, it may he, a kindly feelmi; toi\ ai ds them as individuals Noie — To lisle one’s life is indeed something more than fear of death, hut it is yet a meie negative, having no independent cliai actci and value Only the positive element, the aim and content of the act, gives significance to the feeling of feailessucss Eohheis or murderers, havmg in view a ciiiiio, advcntiiieia hont upon giatifymg merely their own faiuy iislc Iheii In cs without fear — The pnncijilo of the modem woild, that is, the thought and the univci sal have given Inaveiy a higher form It now seems to bo mochanical in its expiession, being the act not of a paiticulai person, hut of a member of the whole As antagonism is now diicctcd, not against sepaiate persons, hut against.i liostilo whole, personal courage appears as iinpeisonal To this change is due the invention of the gun, and this bv no moans chauec invention has transmuted tlie ineiclv pei&onal foiin of hiaveiy into the moie abstiact 329 The state has a foicign aspect, because it is an individual suhiect Hence, its lelation to other states falls within the pimcclv function Upon this function it delolves solelv and diiectlv to command the armed force, to eiitortaiii i elation s nitli othei states through ambassadors, to decide ujion peace and war, and to conduct other negotiations Addition — In almost all European countries the mdividiial summit is the pimcely function, which has charge of foreign affairs Wheiever the constitution requires the existence of classes or estates, it may he asked whether the classes, which in any case control the supplies, should not also resolve upon wai and j>6ace In England, for example, no unpopular war can be waged But if it is TIIK PHILOSOPHY OF BIGHT uieaut thcil piinces and cabmcts aic moie subject to passion than the houses, and hence that the houses should decide whethei theie should be ivai oi peace, it niiisl be replied, that often ivholo nations have been louscd to.i pitch of enthu'.iasin suipassinaf that of then juinces Frequentlj in England the whole people ha\(' insisted upon wav, and in a ueitain measuie coinjielled the niinisleis to wage it The populautv of Pitt was due to his Knowing how to meet what the nation willed Not till afteinaids did calm give use to the const ion siiess that the wai was utterly useless, and uiideitalcen without adequate means Moieovei, a state is lonneeted not only with another but with scveial otheis, and the coiujilu ations aie so dehcate that they tan be managed oulv b\ the highest power.
B Internationa.!. Lam 380 Intel national law aiiscs out of the i elation to oni' another of independent states Whatevoi is absolute in this relation receives the form of a coiiiiiiand, b(>(ause its reality depends upon a distmct soieiuign nill Addition — A state is not a piivate jieison, but ni itself a completely independent totality Heme, the i elation of states to one anotliei is not nieicly that ot moiality and piivate light It is often desiied that states should be regarded fioin the standpomt of piivate light and luoialitj But the position of pm ate iiersous is such that they have over them a law eouit, Avhidi iea]i.ics what is mtiinsicalh light A relation between states ought also to be intrinsically right, and in mundane afiaiis that which is intrinsically right ought to have power But as against the state there is no poiver to decide what is intnnsically right and to realize this decision Hence, we must heie lemam bv the absolute command States m then relation to one anothei aic independent and look upon the stipulations Avhich they make one with anothei as provisional.
'lUE SfATE 'lUE SfATE 331. The nation as a state is the spirit substantively realized and diiectly leal Hence, it is the absolute power on eaith As regards other states it exists in sovcieign mdependente Hence, to exist for and be recognized by another as such a state is its jnimarv absolute right But tins light is yet oiilj foiuial, and the state’s demand to be recognized, when based on these external relations is abstract Whetliei the state exists absolutely and in ooncieto fact, depends upon its content, constitution, and condition Even then the recognition, containing the identity of both iniiei and outer relations, depends upon the view aud n ill of aiiotliei Note — Just as the individual person is not real unless related to otheis (§ 71 and elsewhere), so the state is not really individual unless i elated to other states (■§ 322) The legitimate pvoviiice of a state in its foreign relations, and 11101 e especially of the ininicly function, is on one side 11 holly inteiiial, a state shall not meddle with the inter iial aftaus ot another state Yet, on the othei side, it IS essential tor its comi>leteness that it be recognized bi others But this recognition demands as a guarantee tliat it shall locoguize those who leiognize it, and will have lesjjcct loi then luJejiendence Theiefoie they cannot be indi&eiont to its iiiteinal aftaiis — In the ease ot a nomada people, 111 aui people occupy ing a Ion er grade of civihzation, the question arises how tai it can be considered as a state The leligious opinions foimerly held by Jews aud Mahomedaus may contain a still higher opposition, which does not permit of the universal identity imphed m recognition Addition — When Napoleon, before the peace of Oampoformio, said, “ The French Bepuhlic needs recognition as little as the sim requires to he recognized,” he really indicated the stiength of the existence, which already carried with it a guarantee of recognition, without its having been expressed z HIE PHILOSOPHY OE RIGHT 332. Tlie diicct loality, m whitli states stand io one anotliei, sundeis itself into vaiious lelations, ivbose iiatuie proceeds from independent caprice on both sides, and hence has as a j'eneral thinf^ the formal character of a contract The subiect matter of these contiacts is, however, of infinitely naiiower lanate than of those in the civic community Theie individuals aic dependent njion one another in a sfieat variety of wavs, while independent states arc wholes, which find satisfaction in the main within themselves 333 International law, or the law winch is iiniveisal, and IS meant to hold absolutely "ood between states, is to be distinguished fiom the special content of positive tieaties, and has at its basis the pioposition that tieaties, as they involve the mutual obligations of states, must be kept inviolate But because the i elation of states to one another has soveieigntv as its principle, they aic so fai ni a condition of nature one to the otlioi Then lights have reality not ni a genoial will, winch is constituted as a superior powoi, but lu then paiticulai wills Accoiclingly the fundamental pioposition of iiitei national law icmams a good mtention, while* in the actual situation the i elation established hy the treaty is being continuallv shifted oi abrogated Xoie — There is no judge over states, at most only a refeiee or mediatoi, and even the mediatorial function is only an accidental thing, hemg due to particular wills Kant’s idea was that eternal peace should he seemed bv an alliance of states. This alliance should settle every dispute, make impossible the resort to arms for a decision, and be lecognizcd hy every state This idea assumes that states aie 111 accord, an agreement which, strengthened though it might be by moral, religious, and other considerations, neveitheless always rested on the private sovereign will, and lias therefore liable to be disturbed hy the element of I ontiuyencv IHE S'lAlE 334 Therefore, when the particular wills of states can come to no agreement, the controveisy can be settled only by war Owing to the wide field and the varied lelations of the citizens of difteient states to one another, injuries occur easily and fierjueiitly Wliat of these injunes is to bo viewed as a specific bieach of a tieaty or as a violation of foini.il lecoguitioii and lionoui loiiiains from the nature of the case indefinite A state may introduce its infinitude and lioiioui into t'veiy one of its separate compartments It IS all the iiioie tempted to make or seek some occasion foi a displav of iiiitability, if the individuality within it has been strengthened by long internal rest, and desires an outlet foi ils pent-up ac tivitv 335 Moieovei, the state as a spiiitual whole cannot be satisfied ineielv with taking notice of the fact of an injury, because iniury involves a threatened danger arising from the possible action of the other state Then, too, theie is the weighing of juobabilities, guesses at intentions, and so foith, all of whi<h have a pait in the cieation of stiife 336 Each self-dejieiident state lias the standing of a paiticul.ir will, and it is on this alone that the validity of tieaties depends This paiticulai will of the whole is in its content its well-being, and well-being constitutes the highest law iii its relation to another All the more is this so since the idea of the state involves that the opposilion botw'een light oi abstiact fic>edom on one side and the complete specific content oi well-being on the other is superseded It is to states as conciete wholes that recognition (§ 331) is fiist gianted 337 The substantiv'e weal of the state is its weal as a particular state in its definite interests and condition, its peculiar external ciicumstances, and its particular treaty obligations Thus the goveinmcut is a paihcular wisdom uid not univx'isal jiiovidence (§ 324, note) So, too, its end in relation to other states, the piinciple justifying its IHK PHILOSOPHY OF lUGUl.
wars and treaties, is not a geneial thought, such as philauthropy, but the actually wronged or threatened weal in its definite particularity.
Note — At one time a lengthj- discussion was held itli regard to the opposition between nioials and politics, and the demand nas made that jiolitics should be m accoidauce with morality Heie it may be lemaiked nieiely that the commonweal has quite auothci autlioiity than the iieal of the individual, and that the ethical siibstame oi the state has directly its lealiti or light not in an abstract but in a concrete c\isteiice This existence, and not one ot the many geneial thoughts held to lie moial comniauils, must be the principle ot its conduct The Men that politics in this assumed ojjpositioii is piesumptivcly in the niong depends on a shallow notion both ot moiahty a-id of the nature ot the state m relation to moialiti 338 Although in wai theie I'letails loiu>, routmgency and absouce ot iiglit, states continue to lecogni/.e one another as states In this fact is implied a covenant, bi virtue of 11111011 each state retains absolute value Heuce, war, even when actively jiroseuited, is uudei stood to bi temporaiy, and in international law is lecogniied as containing the possilnhti ot peace Ambassadois, also, aie to be respected War is not to be waged against mteiual institutions, or the peaceable family and iinvate life, or private persons Addition — Modern wais aie ( ai iied on humauelv One person is not set m hate over agamst another. Personal hostilities occur at most in the case of the pickets But in the army as an army, enmity is something undetermmed, and gives place to the duty which each person owes to anothci 339 Por the rest, the capture of piisoueis m time of wai, and in time of peace the concession of lights of pri\ ate intercourse to the subjects of another state, depend prmcipally upon the ethical observances of nations. In THE SPATE.
them IS embodied that inner iiniveisality of behaviour, which IS preserved imdei all relations Addition — The nations of Euiojie form a family by virtue of the unn'eisal i>iinr-iple of their legislation, their ethical observaiK es, and then cmh/ation Amongst them mtci national behavioui i-> ameliorated, while there prevails elsewheie a mutual iiifli< turn of eiils The relation of one state to aiifithei fliKtuate-), no ]udge is present to compose ditfeieiicoa, the liii'hei pidire is simply the universal and absolute spiiit. the spnit ot the woild 340 As states aie paitn iilai, theie is manifested in their relation to one aiiothei a shifting jday of internal particularitv of passions, mteiests aims, talents, virtues, force, wrong, lice, iiiul evteinal contingency on the very largest scale In tins jilav c*vi'ii the ethical whole, national mdepeiideiuc', Is eipoaed to diauce Tlio spirit of a nation is an existing iiidivi<lual lianng in paiticulanty its obi’ective actualitv and solf-coiisciousness Because of this particulaiity it is Iiiiiitcd Tlio destinies and deeds of states in then coiiiieitioii with one auothei aio the visible dialectic of the finite natuie of these spiiits Out of this dialectic the iiuivci-sal spuit, the spmt of the woild, the unlimited S 2 >irit. jirodiues itself It has the highest right of all, and exeicises its light vijion the lowm spuits m world-historv The hiatoiv of the woild is the woild’s couit of judgment C IVORLB-HISTOET 341 The universal spirit exists concretely in art m the form of iierceptioii and image, in leligion in the form of feeling and jnctoiial imaginative thinking, and in philosophy in the form of puio fiec thought In world-history this conciele existence of sjniit is the spiritual actuality m the total lange of its iiiteinality and externality It is a coiii't of ludgment because in its absolute univeisahty the particular, namely, the Penates, the civic community, and 'JIIl: PIIILOSOPHV OF KIGHT the national siniit in then main -coloured realit)- ai’c all inerelj'^ ideal The mo^ ement of sjniit in this case consists in visibly piesentina; these spheies as ineiclv ideal 342 Moieoceiiivorld-history is not a comtof judgment, whose principle is foiec, noi is it the abstiact and iriational necessity of a blind late It is sell-caused and seltrealized reason, and its actualized es-isteuce in spint is knowledge Hence, its deielopinent issuing ‘■oleli out oi the concejitioii of its fieedom is a uecussaiy development of the elements ot lea&on It is, tlieietoie, an untoldmg of the spint’s self-coiisciousiiess and fieedom It is the exhibition and actualization of the iiniieisal spiiit 343 The liiston ol spnit is its ovcit deeds, foi onli what it does it is and its deed is to make ifsell as <i spiiit the object oi its consciousness to eipLiiu and lay hold upon itselt b\ leteionce to itselt To la\ hold ujiou itself IS its being and luincijile, and the couiiiletioii of this act is at the same tune selt-ieniiiiciatiou and tiansitioii To exjness the niattei foiniallv, the spiiit iiliidi again ajipiehends what has already Ijeeii grasjied and actuali/ed oi, ■vvhat IS the same Ihing, passes ihiougli selt-i enunciation into itself is the sjniit of a highei stage Koie — Heie occuis the cpiestiou ot the jieitei tion and education oi liuniauitv They w ho hai e aigued iii iavoui of this idea, have suiiuised soinethiiig of the natuie oi spirit Tliey have uudeistood that sjniit has Fi'iSdi o-tawroe as a law of its being, and that when it lai s hold upon what it itself IS, it assumes.i higliei foim To those who have lejecled this idea, spirit has remained an empty word and histoiy a superficial play of accidental and so-called meie human strife and passion. Though m their use of the words “ providence” and “design of providence,” they exjjress their behef m a highei control, they do not fill up the notion, but announce that the design of providence is foi them unknowable and inconceivable 344. States, peoples, and individuals are established 'lilt SlAlL upon then own particular definite piinciple, which has systematized reality m then constitutions and in the entile compass of their suiroundiiigs Of this systematized reality they aie awaie, and m its iiiteiests aie absorbed. Yet aie they the unconscious tools and organs of the woild-spiiit, thiough 11 hose iiiiiei activity the lower forms pass aivaj Thus the spint by its own motion and for its own end makes leady and noiks out the transition into its next liighei stage 345 Justice and viitue, wiong, ioice, andciime, talents and then lesults, small and gieat 2 )assions, innocence and gudt, the sjilendoui ot mdiiiduais, national life, indeliendence, the foituue and misfoitiiue of states and individuals, haie in the siiheie ot const lousieahty them definite meaning and value, and hud in that sjihere judgment and then due This due is, howevei, as yet mcomjilete In woild-histoiy, iiliieh lies beyond this lange of vision, the idea ot the uoild-syuiit, in th.it necessary yihase of it whidi constitutes at any tunc its actual stage, is given its absolute light The nation, then leally flouiishing, attains to hajijuuess and icuuivu, and its deeils leecive comycletiou 34(' 8iuce Instoiy is the eiul>odinieiit of syurit m the lorni ot events, that is, ot dnect natmal reality, the stages ot develojnueiit aie lueseiit as dnect natural yuiiieiiiles Because tlioy aie natuial, they tonfoim to the natuie of a multijclicity, and exist one outside the other Hence, to each nation is to be asciibed a single jjimciple, comprised under its geographical and anthiopological existence.
347 To the nation, whose natural iirmciple is one of these stages, is assigned the accomplishment of it thiough the jirocess chaiacteristic of the self-develojimg self -consciousness of the woild-spint In the history of the world this nation is foi a given cyioch dominant, although it can make au eyioch but ouce (§ 34G) lu coutiast with the absolute right of this nation to be the bearer of the current phase Tin: PIIlLOSOl'HY OF BIGHT.
in the development of the -world-spirit, the spirits of othei existing nations arc void of right, and they, like those ■whose epochs aie gone, count no longer in the histoiy of the woild yote — The siiecuil histoiy of a ■world-histoiie nation contains the unfolding of its piinujile fioin its undeveloped infancy up to the time nhen, in the full manhood of free ethical self-i ouscioiisiicss. it 2 *re&scs in njioii universal history It contains, moreover, the peiiod ot decline and destruction, the use ot a higher iriinciide being marked in it siinjilv as the negative ot its own Hence, the spmt passes over into that higher jnint iple,,ind thus indicates to woild-histoiv aiiothei nation Fioiii that time onward the first nation has lost absolute luteiest, ahsoihs tlii' highei iniuciiilc irositiielv, it ma\ he, and fashions itself in accoidance nith it, hut is, aftei all, onU a lecipient, and has no indwelling vitality and fioshnc's Peihairs it loses its iiideiiendeiice, ijeihajis continues to diag itselt on as a particulai state oi ciule of states, and siieiids itself in vaiious lancloiii (i\il eulei puses.iiid toieigii luoils 348 At the summit ot all actions, including norldhistoiical actions, stand iiidividiials Eadi oi tliese individuals IS a sub]e(tnit\ who leah/es what is siihstautivc (§ 279. note) He is a In mg cinhodiiueiit ot the suhstantive deed ot tlie uoild-spiiit, and is, thcieioie, diicctlj identical with tins deed It is concealed even tioiii himself, and IS not his oh^eit and end ( § 3441 Thus they do not receive hoiioiii and thanks toi then acts eithei tioni then contcmpoiaries (§ 344), oi fioin the public opinion of jjosteiit} By this ojiinion they are viewed iiieiely as foinial siib]ectivities, and, as such, aie siinjily given their jjait 111 immortal fame 349 A ijcojile is not as yet a state The tiansition from the tamily, horde, clan, or multitude into a state constitutes the toiinal lealization in it of the idea If the ethical substance, which every people has implicitly, lacks this ■JlIE STATE.
form, it IS without that objectivity which comes fiom laws and tliought-out legulations It has neithei for itself nor for otheis any niiivorsal or generally admitted reality It will not be iccogiiued Its independence, being dev<>id of objective law oi secnie leahzed rationality, is formal only and not a fio\eieignt\ Xnte — Fimn the oidinaiv point of view we do not call the j)ati lai dial condition a < onstitution, or a people in this condition.i state oi its independence soveieignty Before the bcgiiimng ol actual histoiy theie aie found uninteresting stujiid imuneiue and the biaveiv arising out of the foimal stinggli' foi lecogiiition and out of levenge (§§ 331, 57, iifite) 3.j0 It IS the absolute light of the idea to come visiblj foith, and pioceoding tiom maiiiage and agriculture (§ 203, note) lealize itself in laws and objective institutions This IS tiuc whethei its leahzation appears in the foim of divine law.iiul hcneficeuce oi m the form of force and wioug This light is the light of heroes to found stat es 351 In the same wav civilized nations may tieat as haibaiiaiis the peoples who aie behind them m the essential elements of the state Thus, the lights of ineie herdsmen, hnnteis, and tilleis of the soil aie inferior, and their indejiendenco is uieich foiinal Xufe — IVais and (oiitests aiisiiig undei such ciicumstances aic stiinrgles toi leiogmtion in behalf of a ceitam definite content It is this feature of them which is signifacaut 111 woild-hisloiv 352 The conciete ideas, which embody the national minds 01 spirits, has its tiuth in the concrete idea m its absolute niineisality This is the spiiit of the world, around whoso tin one stand the other spirits as p’eifecters of its actualits, and witnesses and ornaments of its splendoui Since it is, as sjniit, only the movement of its activity m order to know itself absolutely, to free its con- 'IHE PHILOSOPHY OF RIGHT.
BCiousness from mere diiect naturalness, and to come to itself, the piincijiles of the difteicnt foims of its self-consciousness, as they appeal lu the piocess of liberation, are foul They aie the piinciples of the foui woi Id- historic kmgdoms.
353 In its fiist and diiect levelation the woild-spiiit has as its piiucijile the foim of the substantive spiiit, in whose identity ludividuahty is in its essence submerged and without explicit justifitatioii In the second piinciiilc the substantive spiiit is awaie of itself Heic spuit is the positive content and filling, and IS also at the same tune the living foini, which is in its natuie selt-ieteiied The thud piiuciple is the lotieat into itself of this conscious self-ietei led existence Theie thus aiises an abstract univeisalit), aud n il h it an luhmle opposition to objectivity, which is legal ded as boiett ot spun In the touith jiiiiiciple this ojiiiosition ot tlie spiiit is ovei turned in oidci that s]iiiit maj leceive into its muer self its tiuth aud concicte essence It thus becomes at homo with objcctivitj, aud the tvv o ai e i ecoiicilcd Because the spiiit has come back to its toimal substantive leality by letuiiimg out ot this mtiuito ojipositiou, it seeks to produce and know its tiuth as thought, aud as a woild ot established leahty 354 In accoidauce with these foui piinciples the four woild-histoiic emjnies aic (1^ the Oiieutal, (2_j the tJ-ieek, the Koman, aud (4j the Gei manic 355 (1; The Obiehtal Empiee — The first empire is the substantive world-mtoition, which proceeds fiom the natural whole of patiiarchal times It has no mternal divisions Its worldly government is theocracy, its ruler a high jniest or God, its constitution and legislation are at the same tune its religion, and its civic and legal legulations aie leligious and uioial commands oi usages luthe spleudoui oi this totality tire individual personality sinks THK STATE THK STATE ■Without rights, external uatuie is diiectly divine or an ornament of G-od, and the history of reality is poetry The distinctions, which develop themselves in customs, goveinineut, and the state, seive instead of laws, being converted by meie social usage into clumsy, dittuse, and superstitious ceremonies, the accidents ot personal power and arbitrary rule The division into classes becomes a caste fixed as the laws ot natuie Since in the Oiiental empire there is nothing stable, or lathei what is farm is petrified, it has life only in a inoveineul, ■nliich goes on from the outside, and becomes an elemental \ loleuce and desolation Internal repose is merely a private lite, which is sunk in feebleness and lassitude Note — The element of substantive natural sinrituahty IS present iii the faist toiniiiig of eieiy state, and constitutes the absolute stai tiiig-poiut of its history This assertion is incsented and histoiualh established by Dr Stuhr m Ills 'well-ioasoned and scholailv tieatise “ Vom Uuteigange del Natuistaateii ” (J3eilm, 1812), who, moieovei, sutigests in this work a rational method ot Mewing constitutional histois and lu&toi) in geneial The i>iinciple of subjectivity and selt-couscious tieedom lie ascribes to the G-eimau nation But since the treatise is wholly taken up with the decline of the natuie-states, it simply leads to the point at which this inodeiu piinciple makes its appearance At that time it assumed m part the guise ot restless movement, human capiicc and coiiuptiou, in part the particular guise ot teelmg, not havmg as j et developed itself into the objectivity ot self-conscious substautivity oi the condition of organized law 356 (2) The Gbeek Empibe — This empire stdl contains the eaihei substantive unity of the finite and infinite, but only as a mysteiious bael^iound, suppressed and kept down lu gloomy reminiscence, in caves and in traditional imagcii This background under the influence of the selfdistinguishing spirit IS recreated into individual spirituality.
IHE PIIILOSOPHY OF RIGHT and exalted into the daxhcht of cons( lousness, where it is tempered and tlanficd into heantr and a fiee and clieerful ethical life Hero aiises the pimnple of ]ioisonal individnahtv, althousih it is not as vet solf-oenti ed, hnt held in its ideal nnitv One i osnlt of this nioompli'tonoss is that the whole is hiolcoiinp into a mniiboi of paituiilai national minds 01 spiiits Fiiitlioi. the final doiision of will is not as yet intrusted to the snhieotivitv of the iiidojtondciit selfconst loiisiiess hnt lesidcs iii.i ]»owei, wliifh is liiifhei tlian, and lies hei ond it f? "279 note) Moreover, the partienlanty which IS found in wants, is not vet taken uji into ficedom. hut sefji elated in a class of slaii's 357 ('3) Tnn 'Ro'w\n Empirc —In this enipiie the distinctions of spiiit aie r.iiiied to the lemrth of an infinite rnpinre of the ethical life into two extiemes, personal piivate self-coiisfionsiiess. and ahstiact iiiiivei sahti The antaafonism aiisini' hetii een the snhstautive intuition of an anstociaey and the pnntiple of fiee peisoiiahtv in democratic foim, del eloped on the side of the aiistoeiat y into snpeistition and the retention of lold self-seeking ]>owei, and on the sidi' of the deiiioi ia< v into the ( on ii])t mass The dissolution of the whole inhinniites ni nnivi'isal misfoitune, ethical life dies national individualities, having meicd}’’ the hoiid ot union of a Pantheon, iieiish and individuals aie degiadod to the level of that ecjualitv, in which they are merely piivale peisons and have only formal rights 358 (4i) The Giibman Empiee — Owing to the loss of itself and its world, and to the infinite pain caused by it, a loss of whidi the Jewish people were already held to he the tvpe, spiiit IS pressed hack into itself, and finds itself in the extieine of absolute negativity But this extreme is the absoluie 1uining-point, and m it spirit finds the infinite and 1 ot positive nature of its own inner being Tins new distoveiv IS the unity of the divine and the human Bv means ol it objective truth is lecouciled with freedom, and THE STAIE THE STAIE that, too, lusidti of scli-con&ciousuc&s and sulj]ecti 7 ity This new basis, infinite and yet positive, it has been (.harged upon the iioithein pnnuple ot the Germanic nations to bung to completion 359 The intemal aspect ot this uoithein principle exists m feeling as i.iith, love, and hope Although it is in this form still abstract, it is the loconciliatioii and solution of all contradiction It iirocceds to untold its content m order to laise it to rcalitj and self-coiiseious lationahty It thus constiucts a kingdom ot this world, based upon the teeling, trust, and tellowship ot tiee men This kingdom ui this its subiectiiit^’ is an actual kingdom of lude c‘a])ric(‘ anil barliaiism m i ontrast nilh the world bejoud It IS an mtellectual oniinic, nhose content is indeed the tiuth ot its sjniit Hut as it is yet not thought out, and still IS veiled in the liailiaiisuiot pictuic-thmking, it exists as a S 2 uritual toice, nliich exeicises ovci the actual mind a desjiotic and t^iauuical mflucine 360 Tlicse kingdoms aie l>ased uiion the distinction, which has now wou the loiiu ot absolute antagonism, and yet at the same time aie looted in a single unity and idea In the obduiiite stiuggle, which thus ensues, the sjiintual has to lowei its heaven to the lei el ot an eaitlih and temiioial condition, to common woildhness, and to oidiuary life and thought On the othei hand the absti act actuahty ot the woildl} IS exalted to thought, to the iniuciple ot latioual being and knowing, and to the latiouality ot light and law As a lesult ot these two tendencies, the contradiction has become a maiiowless jihantasm The ^nesent has stiijiiied oli its baibaiism and its lawless capiiee, and truth has strijjped ott its beyond.vnd its casualuess The true atoiicmciit and leconcdiation has become objective, and untolds the state as the image and leality of reason In the state, selt-cousciousness finds tlie oigaiiie development of its loal substantive knowing and will, in leligion it fiwHa in the form of ideal essence the feelmg and the iiii; piiiiosopiii ot Ri&iii vision of this its tiuth, a,n<l in science it finds the fieo conceived knoixledcie of this, tinth, seeing it to be one.end the same in dll its inutuallv completing; manifestations namelc, the state, natuie and the ideal woild.
THE SKS INDEX OF WORDS.
(Tlie figuies refer to tlie page and the Ime ) Aufheben, siipci wdr, 16, 1, annul and itplaie, 16, 17, tmn sceiid, 34, 20 llegiiff, (diiieis from Idee), 21, 8, (=aii sich), 21, S, iimfoimly tiaiblateil concept ion.
Bestimmtheit, ■> definite chat aeter, Bestimmung, J 19, 31, chnessentml ihaiactei, 10, 34; detcimiiiution, 12, 15, chniaeteiizdtioii, 16, 16, definite iiatiiH, 20, 7! speiific chat aeter,