NOTES TO CHAPTER XVI.
1 History of Greece, vol. i. p. 498.
8 Morning Post, May 15, 1872.
4 In the appendix to his republished address, Mr. Gladstone, in illustration of the views he condemns, refers to that part of First Principles which, treating of the reconciliation of Science and Relig ion, contends that this consists in a united recognition of an Ultimate Cause which though ever present to consciousness, transcends knowl edge. Commenting on this view, he says:— " Still it vividly recalls to mind an old story of the man who, wishing to be rid of one who was in his house, said, ' Sir, there are two sides to iny house, and we will divide them; you shall take the outside.' " This seems to me by no means a happily-chosen simile; since it admits of an interpretation exactly opposite to the one Mr. Gladstone intends. The doctrine he combats is that Science, unable to go beyond the outsides of things, is for ever debarred from reaching, and even from conceiving, the Power within them; and this being so, the relative positions of Religion and Science may be well represented by inverting the application of his figure.
6 Since the first edition of this volume was issued, there has ap peared, in the Contemporary Review for December, 1873, the following letter, addressed by Mr. Gladstone to the Editor: — " 10, DOWNING STREET, WHITEHALL, " MY DEAR SIR, — I observe in the Contemporary Review for Octo ber, p. 670, that the following words are quoted from an address of mine at Liverpool: — " ' Upon the ground of what is termed evolution, God is relieved of the labour of creation: in the name of unchangeable laws he is dis charged from governing the world.'
" The distinguished writer in the Review says that by these words I have made myself so conspicuously the champion (or exponent) of the anti-scientific view, that the words may be regarded as typical.
" To go as directly as may be to my point, I consider this judgment upon my declaration to be founded on an assumption or belief that it contains a condemnation of evolution, and of the doctrine of unchange able laws. I submit that it contains no such thing. Let me illustrate by saying, What if I wrote as follows: — " ' Upon the ground of what is termed liberty, flagrant crimes have been committed: and (likewise) in the name of law and order, human rights have been trodden under foot.'
" I should not by thus writing condemn liberty, or condemn law and order; but condemn only the inferences that men draw, or say they draw, from them. Up to that point the parallel is exact: and I hope it will be seen that Mr. Spencer has inadvertently put upon my words a meaning they do not bear.
"Using the parallel thus far for the sake of clearness, I carry it no farther. For while I am ready to give in my adhesion to liberty, and likewise to law and order, on evolution and on unchangeable laws I had rather be excused.
" The words with which I think Madame de Stae'l ends Corinne, are the best for me: — Je ne veux ni la bldmer, ni Vabsoudre. Before I could presume to give an opfnion on evolution, or on unchangeable laws, I should wish to know more clearly and more fully than I yet know, the meaning attached to those phrases by the chief apostles of the doctrines; and very likely even after accomplishing this prelimi nary stage, I might find myself insufficiently supplied with the knowl edge required to draw the line between true and false.
" I have then no repugnance to any conclusions whatever, legiti mately arising upon well-ascertained facts or well-tested reasonings: and rny complaint is that the functions of the Almighty as Creator and Governor of the world are denied upon grounds, which, whatever be the extension given to the phrases I have quoted, appear to me to be utterly and manifestly insufficient to warrant such denial.
" I am desirous to liberate myself from a supposition alien, I think, to my whole habits of mind and life. But I do not desire to effect this by the method of controversy; and if Mr. Spencer does not see, or does not think, that he has mistaken the meaning of my words, I have no more darts to throw; and will do myself, indeed, the pleasure of concluding with a frank avowal that his manner of handling what he must naturally consider to be a gross piece of folly is as far as pos sible from being offensive.
" Believe me, " Most faithfully yours, " W. E. GLADSTONE."
Mr. Gladstone's explanation of his own meaning must, of course, be accepted; and, inserting a special reference to it in the stereotypeplate, I here append his letter, that the reader may not be misled by my comments. Paying due respect to Mr. Gladstone's wish to avoid controversy, I will say no more here than seems needful to excuse my self for having misconstrued his words. " Evolution," as I understand it, and " creation," as usually understood, are mutually exclusive: if there has been that special formation and adjustment commonly meant by creation, there has not been evolution; if there has been evolution, there has not been special creation. Similarly, unchangeable laws, as conceived by a man of science, negative the current conception of divine government, which implies interferences or special providences: if the laws are unchangeable, they are never traversed by divine voli tions suspending them; if God alters the predetermined course of things from time to time, the laws are not unchangeable. I assumed that Mr. Gladstone used the terms in these mutually-exclusive senses; but my assumption appears to have been a wrong one. This is mani fest to me on reading what he instances as parallel antitheses; seeing that the terms of his parallel antitheses are not mutually exclusive. That which excludes " liberty," and is excluded by it, is despotism; and that which excludes " law and order," and is excluded by them, is anarchy. Were these mutually-exclusive conceptions used, Mr. Gladstone's parallel would be transformed thus: — " Upon the ground of what is termed liberty, there has been rebel lion against despotism: and (likewise) in the name of law and order, anarchy has been striven against."
As this is the parallel Mr. Gladstone would have drawn had' the words of his statement been used in the senses I supposed, it is clear that I misconceived the meanings he gave to them; and I must, there fore, ask the reader to be on his guard against a kindred misconcep tion.
[In the earlier-sold copies of the second edition of this volume, there here followed a paragraph, one part of which was based upon an ab surd misconstruction of the second sentence contained in the first of the two passages quoted from Mr. Gladstone — a misconstruction so absurd' that, when my attention was drawn to it, I could scarcely be lieve I had made it, until reference to the passage itself proved to me that I had. I am greatly annoyed that careless reading should have betrayed me into such a mistake; and I apologize for having given some currency to the resulting misrepresentation.
In a letter referring to this misrepresentation, Mr. Gladstone ex presses his regret that his letter to the Contemporary Review did not explicitly embrace both the passages I quoted from him; and he adds that in his opinion, there is " no conflict between the doctrine of Provi dence and the doctrine of uniform laws." My description of his view as anti-scientific, the reader must therefore take with the qualifica tion that Mr. Gladstone does not regard it as involving the alleged antagonism.]
INDEX.
Abstract science, discipline given by, physical action, the province of, Action, relation to feeling, 327; not Acts, building, 3; contagious disease, 149; parliamentary, 203; licensing, Adaptation of organisms to environ ment, 316. 317, 319, 361; to social conditions, 319, 361; need for, 340.
Admiralty mismanagement, 146-147, Allotropic form, of oxygen, 205; of carbon, 205.
Alton Locke, extract from, 38.
Amity, religion of, 163-169; truths ig nored by adherents to the religion Analogy, between individual and social organisms, 301-305.
Analysis, chief function of, 293.
Anomalies, manifested by human na Antagonistic creeds, 181; social states, Anti-patriotism, 196; bias of, 197; ex ample of, 197; effect on sociologi cal speculation, 210.
Anti-theological bias, distortions of judgment caused by, 274; errors Anti-Tobacco Society, report from, 72.
Appliances for discipline, 242; undue belief in, 245.
Art-museums, 320.
Aryan races, 308.
Astronomy, progress in, 205; sidereal, 205; idea of continuity from, 293; theories in, 350; charge against, Athanasian Creed, 271.
Athenian democracy, 240.
Atomicity, conception of, 204.
Atomic theory, 204.
Automorphic interpretation, 103, 104; illustrations of, 105, 106; necessity for guarding against, 132. Average intelligence, inadequate for Barbarities, committed by Europeans, Bias, educational, 161-184; patriotic, 1&5-218; class, 219-238; political, enmity, 180; of the wealthy. 236.
Biological truth, a check to rash politi cal action, 307; underlying legisla tion, 316; laws, 318; use of, 322.
Biology, preparation in, 298; position assigned by M. Cointe, 299: cardi nal truth of, 300; contributions to, Buddhism, 193.
Building acts, 3.
Bureaucratic system, 111.
Calico, demand for, 16; consumption Causation, physical, 4; crude notions regarding, 290; fructifying, 295, 296; continuous, 351. Changes, destructive and constructive, Character, genesis of, 342. Charles I., 159.
Chemistry, progress in. 204, 205. Circulating libraries, effect of, 61. Civilization, course of, 317. Class-bias, 219, 220; illustrations of, 221-223; truth obscured by, 229, Cognition, 327, 328. Commemorative structures, 127, 128. Commerce of literature, 60, 61. Commons, enclosure of, 36; House of, Commune, reign of, 139. Comparative psychology of the sexes, Compromise, between old and new be Conceptions, complex, 112; sociologi Conceptlve faculty, want of, 120; plas Conclusions, general, 366, 367.
Concrete sciences, discipline given by, Conformists, warped judgment of, Confucius, maxims of, 333.
Conservatism, 364.
Consolidation, the result of war, 176, Constitutions, belief in, 248; useful only when products of national charac Continuity, conceptions of. 293, 294.
Cooperative industry, 227-229, 231.
Corollary, from the doctrine of evolu Cotton, its price, 16, 17.
Credulity, its coexistence with untruthfulness, 107.
Creeds, 208, 269; Athanasian, 271; re actions against^ the, 274; antago nistic, 181.
Crime not the result of ignorance, 330, Cromwell, 159.
D Davy, experiments of, 204, 205.
Democracy, a despotism, 250.
Despotism, lesson of, from France, 250.
Difficulties of the social science, 65-67; objective, 68-102, 352; subjective, Discipline, mental. 286; effect on habits of thought, 2H8; acquired by study of abstract science, 288; acquired by study of physical science, 290, 291; sole study of physical science Dissenting organizations, 215.
Divine government, outgrowths from theory of, 124. — strategist, 25.
Doctrine of averages, 41.
Domestic relations, 121, 122.
Drainage, 60, 73.
Dutch, not imaginative, 200.
E Easter-eggs, 112.
Education, national, 340.
Embodied power, emotion excited by, Emotion, effect on judgment. 133; illus trations, 134-136; excited by em bodied power, 154-157.
Employed, conceptions of the, 224-231.
Employers, bias of, 231; mental atti tude of, 231.
English, early history of the, 127-131; self -depreciation by, 197; ideas of the, 200; enterprises of the, 200; inventions of the, 201; imagination of, 209; science, 214; improvidence, Enmity, emotions enlisted by, 163, 168- Equilibrium, between fertility and mor tality, 309; between conflicting sympathies and antipathies, 285.
Ether, units of, 283.
Ethics, 208; utilitarian system of, 279.
Evidence, untrustworthiness of his torical, 08, 09; distorted, 72, 74, 76; perverted through confounding ob servation with inference, 84-90.
Evils, suppression of, 19; redistribu tion of, 21.
Evolution, process of, 282; individual, 341, 342; products of human, 342; arrest of, 340; study of, 350; charge against, 358; societies products of, Examinations, results obtained from, F Factors, cooperative, 183.
Faculty, complexity of, 112; illustra tions of, 114, 115; absence of, 120.
Fallacies, popular, 1-4.
Fertility, balance by mortality, 309.
Fetichism, 282.
Feudal system, 101, 233.
Figures of speech, 301.
Force, correlation and equivalence of, Froude's opinions regarding social sci French, undue self-estimation by, 193; soldiers, 194: poets, 194; adminis tration, 199; Academy, 210-214; language, 210, 211; Revolution, 139- Functions, preparation for, 323; ad justment of special powers to, 341.
G Gambling, grounds of reprobation, 278.
Generosity in women, 346.
Genesis of character, 342.
of facts, 351.
of the great man, 30-32.
of the belief in universal history, Geology, progress in, 206; idea of con tinuity from, 293.
Germany, self-sufficiency of, 195; na tional costume of, 196.
Gin. quantity distilled in England, 247.
Government, its duty, 4, 5; officers or, 153; regulative agency of, 320.
Great artificer, 25.
INDEX.
Great-man theory of history, 28, 29, 351; error concerning, 32.
H Hamlet, quotation from, 246.
Hate, effect on judgment, 338-144.
Heat, as a mode of motion, 204.
Historical evidence, untrustworthiness Historical sequence denied by Canon Kiugsley, 38. History of England, 36; science of, 36; limits of exact science as applied to, 37; scientific method as applied Hopes, visionary, 366, 367. Human nature, indefinitely modifiable, Hyde Park, 221; riots in, 270. Hypothesis of atoms and molecules, Iconoclasm, example of, 275.
Ideas, relative faith in, 199, 200.
Ignorance not the cause of crime, 330.
Illusions, optical, 83, 84.
Impatience, effect of this emotion, 136, Improvidence of the English, 335-338.
Infanticide, 198.
Institutions, self-preservation of, 17.
Insurance companies, 74.
Intellectual culture, moralizing effects of, 331; appliances to, 332.
Intelligence, average, 27C, 277; culti vated, 280.
Intuition, guidance by, 325; power of, Invariants, theory of, 203.
Ipecacuanha, 148.
Japanese, 345.
Judgments. 32C; affected by coexisting love and hate on, 138-144. Juggernaut, 345. Justice, abstract, 346.
Kingsley's views regarding social sci Knowledge, second-hand, 332; effects on moral culture, 332, 333.
Laissez-faire policy, 320, 321. Land tenure, system regulating, 112. Language, use of old forms of, 97. Legislation, rational, 327.
icensing act, 247...ocomotiou. appliances for, 59. Logic, 202; discipline given by, 288.
M Married life, healthfulness of, 84; cir cumstances which determine, 85-87. Master-builder, 25. Mathematics, 202; discipline given by, Matthew Arnold's method, 197-200; statements of, 199-210.
rleehanics, 48.
dental science, truth taught by, 335.
Mercantile marine, inspection of, 3.
Meteorology, 35.
Mind, laws of, 324, 326; true theory Mod inability of species, 299; of man, 300, 300-308; of all organic beings, Moral code, operativeness of, 279, 280.
nature, effects of war on, 179. — teaching, effect of, 332-335.
Mordaunt cases, 254.
Mortality, 309; of children, 199; statis tics of, 199; rate of, 311, 312; de crease in the causes of, 312.
Murders, committed in England, 198; by foreigners, 198, 199.
" Must-do-something" impulse, 18, 19; result of deficient knowledge, 19.
Mutual dependence, of parts, 303, 304; of sociology and biology, 305.
Napoleon, his despotism, 142, 143. Nature of the aggregate determined by the nature of the units, 43-48; objection to this theory, 48. Naval and Military Bible Society, 131. Nonconformists, judgment warped by theological bias, 273. Nonconformity, 216. Non-restraint system, 12.
O Observations, systematic, 320.
Old beliefs, reaction from, 275, 276.
Optical illusions, 83.
Organization, regulative, 363; mutual dependence of parts necessary to, Parable of the sower, application of, Parenthood, mental influence of, 338. Parliament, acts of, 263; member of, Patriotism, 185, 186; effects on beliefs, 187, 188; leads to a low estimate of other peoples, 188, 189, 193; effects on sociological judgments, 196, 354.
Personal equation, 9.
interests, 75.
Phenomena, 357; interpretation of, 358.
Philanthropy, a means of evil, 314.
Policy, 319, 320; conducive to improve Political bias, 239; perverting effects of, 240; subtle form of, 255; op posed to sociological conceptions, economy, 136, 137; flaws in, 138; laws of, 138.
Poor-laws, examples of. 93, 94. Positive philosophy, faith pervading, Positivism, 105.
Power, manifestation of, 344; rever ence for, 347; its influence on po litical beliefs, 144.
Preglacial period, 126.
Press. 112.
Prevision, 34; scientific, 34; of social phenomena, 41; impossible, 50; Proaromut Florte Xor<r-Ho!lan(U<t, 207.
Progress in chemistry, 204, 205; in mathematics, 202; in physics, 203; in astronomy, 205; in geology, 206; in biology, 207; in psychology, 208; in ethics,' 208.
Properties of aggregates determined by properties of its units, 53, 111.
Protestantism, 272.
Proximate causes, 2.
Psychological inquiries, need for, 340; analysis, 343.
Psychology, 208; preparation in, 324. Public affairs, better management of, 255; conversation concerning, 256- Quaternions, 202; value of, 6.
R Radicalism, 364. Reign of Terror, 140, 144. Religion, of amity. 270, 271; of enmity, Religions, 161; antagonistic, 162-164; conflict between, 165. Religious conceptions, 123-126. — sentiment, development of, 282, Representative faculty, 346. Results proportional to appliances, 241; fallacy that, 242-255. Revolution. French, 139-141, 143. Rhone Hydraulic Company, 200. Ribot, extract from, 208. Roman Catholicism, 272.
S Sacrifices, human, 96.
Sandwich-Islanders, friendly conduct Sanitary arrangements, 3.
Savages, as described by various writ ers, 26(3; morality of, 207; bar barity of, 191; kind treatment by, Science of life, related to the science of society. 299; importance of study Sciences, abstract, 202; abstract-con crete. 203.
Scurvy, 147.
Self-control, 338.
— depreciation, origin of, 197.
— regard, evils resulting from, 186, — sacrifice, 162; untenability of the doctrine of, K55.
Sexes, mental differences, 340-346.
Shakspeare, 31.
Slave-trade, 321.
Social actions, complexity of, 16, 17.
— phenomena, relations of, 4; should be studied in conformity with meth ods employed in physical research, 5; false method of investigating, 10; prevision in, 18; ascertainable order of, 21; no absolute repetition of, '35; explanations of, 48; two modes of interpreting, 87; per verted conceptions of, 181; origin in the phenomena of individual human nature, 299; factors in volved in, 340, 347; imperviousness science, ideas alien to, 26-33; de nial of, 33: positions taken by Mr. Froude regarding. 33; free-will in compatible with, 33; denial of a, 37; recognition of, 39; reply to criticisms concerning, 39, 40; na ture of, 52, 53; definite conception of, 53; value of the study of, 63, 64; difficulties of the, 65-67, 352; right thinking in, 181; political partizanship in the way of, 239; balanced judgments in, 285; men tal science necessary to, 349; con clusion regarding, 350; conception developed by, 364.
Social structures, development of, 54- Society, multiplicity of factors in volved, 14, 15; structure and growth as related in, 56-62; its physical quality lowered, 311-313; its intellectual and moral qualities lowered, 313-316; type modified, Sociology, necessity for the study of, 1-21; hindered by sentiments of loyalty, 157; class-bias opposed to right thinking in, 237; political bias opposed to, 264; a fit habit of thought important to the study of, 288; its dependence on biology, Solar spots, constitution of sun implied INDEX.
by, 6-8; Wilson's hypothesis re garding, 6; counter-hypothesis, 7; Kirchhoff 's hypothesis, 7; hypothe sis, reconciling facts, 8.
State agency, 147-157; confidence in, 154; education through, 329.
Statutes, penal, 149.
Stone age, 175.
Strategy of Providence, 25.
Structure and growth, 56-59; law in social organisms of, 59, CO.
Subjective difficulties, intellectual, 103- Sun's distance, error in estimating, 187.
Supernatural genesis of phenomena, Superstitions, 5.
Survivals, of the fittest, 174, 175; of primitive practices, 97-101.
Svnt IK-SIS, practice of, 293.
Syphilis, 76-82.
T Tailor in heaven, story of, 125.
Tasmanian devil, 168, 170.
Temperance societies, growth of, 70; results of, 246.
Tendency, destructive and construc Testimony, necessity for discounting, 71; personal interests affecting, 74; political influences affecting, 75.
Theological bias, leading to misinter pretation of social facts, 266; effect of, 270; obscures sociological truth, 271; leads to erroneous estimates of societies and institutions, 271, Theory of Mr. Gladstone, 358.
Theory of light, 203.
Titles, 159.
Trade-unions, genesis of, 119; ideas of legislative action entertained by, 157; internal governments of, 224. 225; general policy of. 229.
Transitional periods, 362.
Truth, taught by mental science 335 U United States, truth displayed in, 251.
Untrustworthy evidence, the result of, subjective states of the witnesses, 69-74, 352; of personal interest, 74- 82; of confounding observation with inference, 84-90; distribution in space, 90, 91; distribution of facts in time, 92-101.
Vagrancy act, 36. Veracity, habitual, 107.
W Wallace, contradictory estimates of the character of, 188.
Walter-press, genesis of, 115-119.
War, the means of consolidation, 176; of industrial habits, 177; of retro gression, 178; its effects on the moral nature, 179; general effects Women, mental characteristics of, 340; physical peculiarities of, 341; traits of intellect and feeling peculiar to, Spencer, Herbert The study of sociology B